Highlights. The impact that the technologies may exert on human genome is underestimated.  The mRNA technologies may represent a particular danger for human genome.

Relevance. The mRNA technologies are quite widespread in the Western world. They are also gaining popularity in Russia and that is why we should control the safety of such technologies.

Purpose of the study – to determine potential hazard of mRNA technologies

Study base sources – full English academic periodicals available on the Internet.

Method of the study. Analytical. The author used suggestions of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).

Discussion. The paper dwells on the essence and scope of mRNA technologies, discusses their way of functioning, identifies their shortcomings that may provoke pathological consequences for humans; determines approaches that permit to use these technologies to control human genes. The article proves that nowadays the mRNA technologies are imperfect, for now it is impossible to predict near and long-term consequences that they may bring to human health.  The technology itself is of a dual purpose and can be used under other names to unleash a biological war with a new final goal – to provoke a population decline. The newer the agents that may influence human genome will be, the more dangerous they will become. The methods of their application will also be more sophisticated. All this will be accompanied by media war that will eliminate alternative opinions. This will result in decline in the general level of knowledge about biological threats.

Conclusion. We should maintain rigid state control over the development of any technologies that may potentially exert any impact on human genome. We should also ensure that such technologies are not used under other names. It is worth limiting the application of the mRNA technologies and to use them only in oncology approximately for 10 years. This will help to identify the range of possible adverse consequences of their application. All injection drugs that go to Russia from abroad should be checked for possible nano objects “storage”.

There is a danger that a natural smallpox virus may be reintroduced from the unknown spring or that a similar virus with the same pathogenic properties may appear or that somebody may create a synthetic copy of such a virus. That is why it is crucial to have a proper laboratory pattern that may imitate a natural smallpox disease and other human orthopoxviruses. A rabbitpox virus may provoke a grave and highly contagious disease in rabbits with a high death rate. The symptoms of this disease in rabbits is similar to symptoms of natural smallpox in humans. There have been no cases of rabbitpox in humans.

Purpose of the study – To summarize data on research of a rabbitpox virus and to analyze the symptoms of this disease in rabbits that is similar to a natural pox virus in humans. This analysis may contribute to the development of new drugs against smallpox.

Study base sources – English scientific papers available on the Internet.

Method of the study – Analytical.

Results and discussion. Rabbitpox was first detected in 1930 in lab. rabbits in Utrecht, the Netherlands, then in the USA, at Rockfeller University in New York. From 1941 the outbreaks of rabbitpox were registered in research institutes in Europe and in the USA. However, there were no cases of this disease in rabbits in the wildlife.  The analysis has demonstrated that  the pattern “a rabbit–a rabbitpox virus” has been quite successful in pre-clinical studies of protective efficiency of orthopoxvirus vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, mRNA-based drugs and chemotherapeutic agents (thiosemicarbazone, Cidofovir, tecovirimat, Brincidofovir, etc.) for different transmission modes including inhalative one. This pattern is also useful for evaluation of diagnostic sets, employed for orthopoxviruses detection.

Conclusion. Pattern “a rabbit–a rabbitpox virus” is safe for humans and is promising for simulation of different pathological states when we conduct various medical and biological studies of orthopoxvirus infections. It also may be used to evaluate the efficiency of immunobiological drugs against smallpox, chemotherapeutic agents and diagnostic sets.

Textile materials that are used in medical facilities and other mass gathering locations, employed at the time of epidemics and military engagements are vulnerable to bioburden and may become a source of microbial contamination.

Purpose of the study – to evaluate antimicrobial efficiency of biocidical compositions that are based on quaternary ammonium compounds and guanidine derivative polymers that are used as antimicrobial soaking agents for natural and synthetic textiles.

Materials and methods. The authors have analyzed avalible literature on biocidical additives both in English and Russian languages. The authors also have tested natural and synthetic textiles and different antimicrobial soaking agents (compositions). One-day agar cultures of Staphilococcus aureus (strain 906) and Escherichia coli (strain 1257) served as test microorganisms. The efficiency of antimicrobial soaking agents for textiles towards test microorganisms has been evaluated by “agar plates” and “droplet infection” methods. Biocidical treatment of antimicrobial fabric was considered effective, if the inhibition zone of test microorganisms was at least 4 mm.

Results. The papers under analysis have no data on the possibility of use of such compositions as soaking agents that will permit to obtain antimicrobial fabrics. The experimental studies provided data on bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties of used compositions. The comparative analysis has allowed to determine the most efficient compositions used for soaking of different fabrics.

Conclusions. The soaking that contains 0,05% alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, 0,05% polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride, 0,05% triamin and 40,0% propylene glycol has turned out to be the most efficient one towards gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It gives protective properties both to synthetic (polyamide 100%) and mixed fabrics (cotton 65% and Composition that contains 0,05% katanol and 40,0% polyethyleneglycol may be used to create antimicrobial soaking for fabrics of mixed compositions. This soaking may also be effective towards gram-positive microorganisms.

Highlights. Peptide biotoxins are important problem for human health and as lethal agents due to their wild diversity of chemical structures and biological sources.

Such peptide biotoxins and prion proteins can be effectively neutralized by different methods, including by protease treatment.

Relevance – biological toxins containing peptides possess serious danger for life and well being of humans. There are a lot of reviews summarizing immunologic protective measures against these toxins. As opposed to that an enzymatic detoxification of biotoxins is, at best, considered superficially.

The purpose of the work is analysis of the main up-to-date trends of development of protective remedies against biotoxins of peptide nature.

The source base of the research is mainly English–language scientific literature available via the global Internet network, as well as the authors' own published experimental studies.

The research method is analytical.

Results. Currently the efficiency of detoxifying immunological drugs is surging due to highly productive methods of screening and selection of effective clones producing monoclonal antibodies. Special attention in the review is paid to application of hydrolytic enzymes which are considered in the work as alternative for immunobiological agents during detoxication of peptide biotoxins. The natural analogue of detoxifying enzymes is a system “toxin–antitoxin” of procaryotes. More than four types of inhibitors of biotoxins are know: blocking of their catalytic activity; hindering of their target receptors; inhibiting of toxin by acting on its structure; and allosterically modulating of biotoxin activity. There are encouraging data on application of detoxifying enzymes for neutralization of prions in soils and for treatment of prion complication.

Conclusions. Application of proteases for detoxification of peptide biotoxins and prion peptides could be considered as viable alternative to detoxifying immunobiological agents.

Highlights. As a novel coronavirus infection spreads around the world, it is crucial to provide Russian NBC Protection Troops with respiratory and skin protective devices that will help them to avoid pathogenic biological agents.

Relevance. A common protective set is the only authorized equipment that is able to protect skin of military men from pathogenic biological agents. When military men wear this suit during disinfection of special vehicles, edifices, buildings and plots of land, personnel decontamination in case of biological contamination area is found, it sometimes immobilizes them excessively and they feel completely exhausted. Thus, it is crucial to develop a new more efficient respiratory and skin protective set for the Russian NBC Protection Troops that will help them to avoid pathogenic biological agents.

Purpose of the study is to make proposals for the design and materials that are to be used in manufacturing of the set of respiratory and skin protective devices. This set will further be sent to Russian NBC Protection Troops and will help them to avoid pathogenic biological agents.

Materials and methods. The materials selection and design features choice have been justified by the analysis of academic sources and patents. The authors have also conducted a questionnaire survey for experts. The results of this survey have been considered in the study. The materials for a future set have been chosen based on the results of the experimental studies of more than 100 of material samples. These samples have been provided by the industrial enterprises of the region. During the studies, a gravimetric method has been employed. Some design features of the set have been implemented pursuant to expert opinions, expressed in the questionnaires.

Discussion. With the help of the authorities of the Kostroma region, the authors of this paper have analyzed more than 100 fabrics that are to be used in manufacturing of respiratory and skin protective devices. They also have evaluated the impact that detergent formulae exert on the material properties.

Conclusions. The conducted tests have helped to make recommendations, suggestions as well as elaborate certain engineering solutions. Considering all that the enterprises started a large-scale production of efficient respiratory and skin protective devices for medical staff in Kostroma and other regions of the Russian Federation. Design features of garment with respiratory and skin protective devices have served as a pattern for a promising protective set for Russian NBC Protection Troops that will help them to avoid pathogenic biological agents.

Highlights. It is necessary to elaborate the plan of development of respiratory protective devices.  This plan should suggest that these devices should be further implemented into combat uniform set for military men. It also should propose a multifunctional head protective device.

This article presents the most relevant design concepts that are to be implemented into a new protective set.

Relevance. The paper discusses studies aimed at development of new samples of respiratory protective devices, as well as facial skin and eye protective devices for military men. These devices should protect from physiologically active substances. The article dwells on “ballistic helmet gasmask of the 2nd generation” created on the basis of a multifunctional ballistic helmet. It should be implemented into an innovative combat uniform set that is user-friendly for military men and provide complex safety from damage effects (poison agents and BA) and splinters. Such studies are quite relevant nowadays.

The aim of the study – To analyze scientific sources and to summarize data on the development of respiratory protective devices, facial skin and eyes protective equipment and to outline the most crucial design patterns that are to  be implemented into an innovative combat uniform set.

The source base includes open documentary sources containing information on individual head armor and respiratory protection means against Physiologically-Active Substances (PAS) considered for use in the composition of the prospective individual combat equipment of a serviceman; technical descriptions, manuals, and operating instructions for such means, as well as open scientific literature containing information about their design and operating principles.

Materials and methods. The design of a ballistic helmet gas mask of the 2nd generation has been justified based on the analysis of the available sources that contain data on head armored protection devices and respiratory protection devices from physiologically active substances.  The authors also analyzed technical specifications and user manuals for such devices and available academic sources that contain information on their structure and functioning.

Discussion. A modern combat uniform set is a combined set that consists of weapon system, management system, protection system life maintenance system and power supply system that are  meant to help military men to perform their battle missions both on their own and as a part of  a squad, platoon, etc. The crucial moment for a combat uniform set improvement is to ensure a complex staff protection from damage effects of mass destruction weapons and weapons based on new physical principles.

Conclusion. Nowadays both in Russia and in foreign countries scientists have been conducting extensive studies on the development of the respiratory protective devices, facial skin and eyes protective equipment. The scientists have been trying to find out the most crucial design patterns that are to be implemented into an innovative combat uniform set. One of the most prominent ways is to create a multifunctional head protection device. At the same time considering the past experience of the modern military conflicts in Russia and abroad, the scientists have been working on the development of universal means of armored and respiratory protection.