One of the ways to ensure high reliability of detection, identification and accuracy of quantitative determination of toxic chemicals (TC) in environmental and biomedical samples by gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods is to use internal standards (IS) as additives to the analyzed sample, which, in contrast from target TC, contain stable isotopes such as D, ¹³C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O. In this case, preference is given to the most accessible stable deuterated compounds. IS labeled with stable isotopes are widely used in numerous studies to develop methods for the analysis of various toxic chemicals, in particular, alkylphosphonic acids. For the prompt and high-quality performance of the tasks assigned to the assigned laboratory, it seems necessary to have a physical bank of samples labeled with stable IS isotopes, corresponding to those TC, the appearance of which in the analyzed samples is most likely. These include, first of all, stable decomposition products of such as sarin, soman, cyclosarin, VX, VR, CVX, namely, methylphosphonic acid, its ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pinacolyl and cyclohexyl esters, as well as the corresponding symmetric diesters . In accordance with the objectives of the article, we have synthesized the IS composition of deuteromethylphosphonic acid and its derivatives: acid chlorides of O-alkyl esters of deuteromethylphosphonic acids, acid O-alkyl esters of deuteromethylphosphonic acids, O, O-dialkyl esters of deuteromethylphosphonic acids, and also adducts of tyrosine and tripeptide TyrThr-Lys with chlorides of O-isopropyl and O-cyclohexyl esters of deuteromethylphosphonic acid. NMR ²Н, ³¹Р, GC-MS and HPLC-MS spectral characteristics of the synthesized substances were studied.

The existence of certain suspicions about the artificial origin of the COVID-19 pandemic and about the possible use of reverse genetics technology to create the SARS-CoV-2 virus require an understanding of its capabilities in the design of new viruses. The aim of this work is to show how the use of reverse genetics allows the design of previously non-existent coronaviruses, technologies and the main achievements in their creation. Only the information in the public domain was used for the preparation of this article. The technology is called «reverse genetics» because when obtaining RNA viruses capable of replication, the process is going not from DNA to RNA, as usual, but on the contrary, from the RNA of the virus to its complementary DNA (cDNA), and from it with the help of T7 RNA polymerase – «back» to the infectious RNA. Since the resulting plus-RNA of the coronavirus genome mimics cellular messenger RNA (mRNA), it is immediately recognized by the cell's translation machine and triggers the formation of its own infectious viral particles. Two systems of reverse genetics have been developed, involving the production of an infectious plusRNA, in vitro and in vivo. The problem of obtaining a full-length cDNA of the giant genome of coronaviruses is solved by fragmentation and subsequent stitching of fragments using standard molecular biology approaches. The article provides the examples of how this technology makes it possible to obtain synthetic coronaviruses that are indistinguishable from those isolated from nature, to change the range of their hosts, to enhance virulence and resistance to specific antibodies, and to influence the pathogenesis of the disease. The article also shows the prospects for the use of recombinant viruses in cellular screening analyses and infection models in vivo for the identification of preventive and therapeutic approaches to the virus disease treatment.

The sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of molecular genetic methods of analysis largely depend on the quality of the preliminary preparation of the analyzed samples. During the sample preparation, the tasks of disinfecting pathogenic material, lysing cell membranes, removing compounds and impurities that inhibit the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as well as concentrating nucleic acids are solved. The purpose of this work is to select modern approaches to sample preparation for the PCR. Among the variety of different methods of sample preparation, the most widespread are the methods based on chemical lysis of cell membranes using chaotropic compounds, followed by purification of nucleic acids by solid-phase extraction using magnetic particles. This approach is implemented both in commercial kits for manual sample preparation and in various automated systems for the isolation of nucleic acids. The analysis of commercially available stations for the isolation of nucleic acids shows that their technical characteristics are similar: the duration of one isolation cycle is 40–90 minutes; the volume of the analyzed samples is from 0.1 to 2.0 ml; the number of simultaneously processed samples max – 96, min – 8. The method of the nucleic acid isolation is the magnetic particles. The main differences are in the type of analyzed samples, and technologies for lysis of the test material and DNA extraction. Our experience in the use of magnetic particle kits for the isolation of nucleic acids, both in stationary and in field laboratories confirms the effectiveness and reliability of this technology. Further development and improvement of the hardware for such work will, obviously, be aimed at miniaturizing the equipment, developing field portable automatic nucleic acid extraction stations, as well as integrating the process of sample preparation and analysis by PCR in one device.

There are problems of destruction of educational and simulation formulations and components of special chemical-based products and degassing formulations based on organic solvents. Their solution requires the search for cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions and approaches to their disposal, especially paying attention to the fact that it is practically impossible to completely free the components of products from toxic chemicals. In turn, it is necessary to minimize toxic and unpleasant-smelling emissions into the atmosphere during neutralization and destruction. The purpose of the work is to propose chemical methods for neutralizing and disposing of toxic substances and foul-smelling compounds during the disposal of educational and simulation formulations and special tools. To neutralize compositions based on odorant substances, it is advisable to use compounds of oxidizing-chlorinating action, quaternary ammonium bases and a co-catalyst. The role of each of the used components of the formulation is established. Sodium hypochlorite is an oxidizer, «Katamin AB» is an interphase transfer catalyst that ensures the transfer of anion from the aqueous phase to the organic one, methanesulfonic acid is a co-catalyst that ensures the reaction in both the aqueous and organic phases. The optimal quantitative and qualitative composition of the degassing formulation for neutralizing odorants is considered. The composition of the formulation should include the following components, expressed in % by weight: an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (5%) «Whiteness» – 99.0; dimethylalkyl(C8 -C18) benzylammonium chloride «Katamin AB» – 0.5; methanesulfonic acid – 0.5.

The improvement of camouflage of troops and objects is necessary in all types of military operations. Aerosol masking is an integral part of this task. The special jamming systems decrease the likelihood of the hit and the destruction of military units (their weapons and equipment) and personnel from enemy weapons. The aim of this work is to study the effect of aerosol dispersion on its masking ability. The fraction of the area screened by aerosols relative to the electromagnetic radiation of the optical range was determined on the basis of a random, equal distribution of aerosol particles in space. It has been established that when theoretically evaluating the effectiveness of camouflage (by the length of the blind area or by the area of camouflage), it is necessary to calculate not only the integral concentration of aerosol along the sightline of the object (in the horizontal and vertical planes, G, cm² /m² or g/m² ), but also take into account the dispersion of the aerosol, since at equivalent aerosol concentrations it has a significant effect on the camouflage efficiency. The dispersion of the aerosol formed by means of smoke release (checkers, TDA, etc.) is a necessary component of the tactical and technical characteristics of products, as well as one of the requirements for promising developments and developments of aerosol countermeasures. The article presents the results of computer simulation of the random distribution of aerosol particles in space to assess its screening capacity relative to electromagnetic radiation in the optical range.

The relevance of the article is conditioned by the necessity to form scientific and methodological support for the process of identifying promising technical solutions, carried out in the course of scientific and technical examination of military and dual-purpose innovative projects on behalf of the Russian Federation Armed Forces. The aim of the paper is to create the basic inventions classification model for the estimating significance of intellectual property objects, namely weapons of mass destruction-oriented patents and utility models. The article is based on the system analysis and expert questioning methods. During research the authors suggested the basic inventions classification model, which includes preselection of inventions based on the predictive availability criterion, technical, scientific, techno-economic value estimation and calculation of integral value index. For the predictive prospectivity estimation, the universal selection forms of inventions were developed, which are matrix-type evaluation tables that take into account various characteristics of inventions, ranked by degree of importance; the universal selection forms for each type of invention («device», «method», «substance», «new purpose application») and groups of inventions («substance + method», «device + method») were developed as well. A new criterion characterizing the legal status of the invention for technical value estimation by the patent-legal indicators of the protection document is proposed. The obsolescence index of the techno-economic value calculation formula, which allows for more accurate calculations is introduced. The authors also grounded the time interval within which patent documents are searched for identifying the basic invention, equal to an average of ten years.