The wide distribution in industry, medicine, agriculture, and other areas of human activity of nanoscale objects raise the question of the possibility of their dual use, which in this work means the use for deliberate mass destruction of people. The aim of the work is to consider nanoparticles as potential agents of chemical and biological weapons. Nanoparticles of any type have been shown to have biological activity. This is due to an increase in the surface activity of particles during the transition from microscale to nanoscale and their ability to penetrate the cell, especially cell nucleus. Being non-biological objects, interacting with cell receptors, distorting intracellular signaling pathways and affecting the genetic regulation of the cell, they can cause a variety of pathological effects (oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, etc.). Therefore, with the transition from microscales to nanoscales, essentially remaining chemical compounds, particles of non-toxic materials can transform into potential biological and chemical damaging agents. The existing possibilities of their mass use through the respiratory system, skin, gastrointestinal tract and through the introduction of injectable forms of drugs suggest that based on damaging agents of this type, weapons of mass destruction of a new type that are not subject to the Conventions on the Prohibition of Chemical and Biological Weapons can be developed. It is necessary to start developing methods for detecting nanoparticles and other nanoobjects in various environments surrounding a person, food and dosage forms

Scientific and technological advancement of the mid- and late twentieth century led to the creation of a large number of new psychoactive substances (NPS), diverse in composition and spectrum of action. The primary stages of fight the spread of NPS are awareness of their characteristics, as well as the possibility of detecting both the substances themselves and biomarkers of their use (metabolites) in human biological objects. The purpose of the work is to review psychoactive compounds and methods of their detection performed for diagnostic purposes. The paper presents brief characteristics of the most common NPS, as well as features of their metabolism in the human. It is shown that the analysis of biological specimens collected from susceptive drug users is difficult due to the low content of analytes, the matrix influences, metabolism and the formation of various artifacts. The general scheme of screening of biological objects assumes the presence of two stages – a preliminary express analysis performed using immunochemical test systems, and a confirmatory analysis performed by gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The article discusses the possibilities and limitations of targeted and non-targeted screening. The subject of special consideration was the problems of using chromatography-mass spectrometry methods of NPS analysis in Russian – issues of accessibility of standard substances, search libraries, etc. The article also presents brief characteristics of individual families of NPS, such as stimulants, synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic opioids and hallucinogens. In addition, the article shows that in a number of foreign armies, in particular, in the Armed forces of Ukraine (AFU), drugs and psychostimulants are used to create «fearless soldiers». Thus, methadone, amphetamine and other psychoactive substances, as well as a psychotomimetic – a structural and pharmacological similarity of the prohibited BZ – were found in objects delivered from the positions of the AFU for analysis.

It is known that several decarboxylases (aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAD), histidine decarboxylase (HD) and glutamate decarboxylase (GD) with different molecular weights catalyze the most important reactions of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator biosynthesis. Pyridoxal phosphate, which serves as a cofactor for these enzymes, is one of organophosphorus compounds (OPC) having a structure similar to highly toxic substances such as warfare agents (WA) sarin, soman, Vx, a substance of type Vx, tabun and the so-called «Novichoks» (A230, A232, A234), as well as pesticides, widely used in agriculture (chlorpyrifos, malathion, glyphosate, mipafox, diazinon, paraoxon), based on their inhibitory effect on cholinesterases (ChE). The purpose of this work was to use computer modeling methods to evaluate the possible binding of various OPC to the catalytic centers of these enzymes instead of a cofactor, as well as similar interactions of decarboxylases (DC) with OPC when the active centers of DC already contain a built-in cofactor. Molecular docking has shown that a number of these OPC can compete with the cofactor for binding to the active centers of DC, and absolutely all the studied OPC (pesticides and WA) create obstacles to embedding the cofactor in the active center of AAD and HD. Such interactions will lead to a decrease in the level of formation of products of the corresponding catalytic reactions (dopamine, serotonin, phenylethylamine, serotonin, γ-aminobutyric acid) and the manifestation of their physiological functions. It was found that in the presence of a cofactor in the active center of the studied DC, the interaction of a number of OPC with the surface of these enzymes near the active center increases and exceeds the strength of the interaction of same enzymes with their typical substrates. At the same time, the maximum interaction that can lead to a significant inactivation of all the studied DC was revealed for the pesticides, while the effect of their presence was lower for WA. One of the highest levels of possible influence on the activity of DC was revealed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. In total, for DC, the more dangerous substances with high potential neurotoxicity turned out to be not WA at all, including «Novichoks», namely pesticides, which, according to their known effect on ChE, are considered as low-toxic OPC. The conducted new theoretical studies indicate that, firstly, direct experimental studies are required that will confirm the bioinformatics calculations made; secondly, a revision of long-standing approaches to assessing the neurotoxicity of various OPC, based mainly on the use of ChE for these purposes, is necessary; thirdly, it may be necessary to formulate tasks for the development and the use of new systems for the determination of potentially neurotoxic substances, the effect of which will be based on the use of different DC; fourth, to study the possible using DC as a basis for the development of new catalytic enzymatic detoxifiers (antidotes) and CNS regenerators.

The analysis of the capabilities of modern technical means of chemical reconnaissance and special equipment of chemical control indicates the possibility of quick detection of mined and explosive devices (EDs) by identification of the explosives included in the EDs and related technological impurities. The purpose of this work is to analyze the possibilities of using modern technical means of chemical reconnaissance and control for the detection and identification of explosives. In order to achieve this goal, the authors assessed the analytical characteristics and features of the technical means of chemical reconnaissance and the indication methods implemented in them to determine the possibility of detecting and identifying the components of the EDs. The article shows the possibility of using special military gas detectors operating on the basis of the ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) method to confirm the presence of the vapor phase of explosives. The assessment was carried out on the basis of an analysis of the physicochemical properties of peroxides and nitrogen-containing explosives and a comparison of the achievable concentrations of the vapor phase of nitrogencontaining explosives (TNT, RDX, pentrite, nitroglycerin, dinitrotoluene) with the results of the calculated sensitivity of the IMS method (~10–10 mg/L). It has been established that trace amounts of explosives in liquid and solid states of aggregation can be identified by portable technical means of chemical control, operating on the basis of infrared Fourier spectroscopy and Raman scattering. The ways of expanding the functionality of these technical means by creating specialized databases of spectral data of explosives and accompanying technological impurities are proposed. The inclusion of an additional spectrum bank in the control software of IMS gas detectors must be combined with the implementation of the possibility of program selection of operating modes and database switching by the operator.

In the process of liquidation of emergency situations of biological nature (ESBN) by the NBC Protection Corps of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the modern modular and wearable technical means of disinfection based on an aerosol method of treatment of objects were widely used. The purpose of the work is to summarize experience of the use of modular and wearable technical means of disinfection during the liquidation of biological emergency. The most intensive use of mobile technical means of disinfection was carried out for more than two years in Chkalovsky airfield by the combined NBC protection group, which carried out work on the disinfection of aircraft of the Military Space Forces and the cargo transported by them against the pathogen of coronavirus infection. The main volume of work on disinfection of cargo compartments and cockpits of pilots of aircraft as well as cargo was performed in the aerosol method with the use of the following technical means: CDA (Aerosol Disinfection Complex) complex, the bagpack motorized and manual sprayers. The aerosol treatment method and the formulation based on ethyl alcohol provided high productivity of works, low manual labor costs, and reliable disinfection of objects with low consumption of preparation. Thus, the processing time of the cargo compartment of AN-124 aircraft with the help of autonomous modules of the CDA or backpack sprayers STIHL SR 450 did not exceed 20 minutes, and the consumption of the recipe was not more than 100 cm³ ×m². The use of modern modular and wearable disinfection means in the NBC protection units will ensure the increase of efficiency of disinfection measures in the interests of troops and population of the Russian Federation.

The lecture is intended for training specialists in higher educational establishments according to the Federal state standard «Robotics for military and special purposes» and also for training operators of robotic complexes (facilities) for military purposes in training centers and military units.
The lecture addresses three questions:
1) Analysis of sources of radiation, chemical and biological threats in the Russian Federation.
2) Analysis of the development and use of foreign unmanned aerial vehicles designed for NBC protection purposes.
3) Analysis of the development and use of Russian unmanned aerial vehicles designed for NBC protection purposes. 

В соответствии с решением Президента Российской Федерации с 2013 г. в Вооруженных силах России началось создание научных рот. В 2015 г. такая рота создана в войсках радиационной, химической и биологической защиты в составе Военной академии радиационной, химической и биологической защиты имени Маршала Советского Союза С.К. Тимошенко (г. Кострома). Цель работы – показать историю создания научной роты, порядок комплектования, организацию и основные показатели результативности ее научно-исследовательской деятельности. Отбор кандидатов проводится на основании перечня направлений подготовки (специальностей) высшего образования кандидатов в научные роты, утвержденного Управлением начальника войск РХБ защиты. Основными критериями при отборе кандидатов являются способность вести самостоятельную научную деятельность в профильных направлениях, а также научный потенциал кандидата. Средний балл успеваемости отобранных кандидатов, как правило, составляет не менее 4,7. С молодым пополнением научной роты после очередного призыва осваивается программа боевой подготовки военнослужащих ВС РФ, впервые поступивших (призванных) на военную службу. Затем молодое пополнение роты приводится к Военной присяге. За каждым военнослужащим закреплен научный руководитель из числа научно-педагогических работников, имеющих ученую степень и ученое звание, а также практический опыт выполнения научных исследований. После окончании службы военнослужащим предоставляется возможность: заключить контракт о прохождении военной службы с присвоением воинского звания «лейтенант»; остаться в качестве научного работника в вузах и научно-исследовательских организациях МО РФ с последующей возможностью защиты диссертации и присвоением ученого звания кандидат наук; трудоустроиться в научных организациях, входящих в состав военно-промышленного комплекса России.