The experience of modern local armed conflicts and the monitoring of terrorist activity in the world indicate the possibility of the affection of people by organophosphorus compounds (OPs) in combat and as a result of industrial accidents and terrorist acts. It can be predicted that in case of timely use of PPE by the personnel, in addition to lethal and severe affections, up to 30 ± 5% of them will be mild forms of intoxication. It is shown in the article, that the actoprotectors with different mechanism of action (hypoxene, octodrine and meldonium) increase the endurance of experimental animals with mild poisoning of OPs in case of single oral administration. Moreover, the degree of inhibition of peripheral blood acetylcholinesterase of all animals treated with model OPs did not differ between groups and ranged from 8 to 24%. As a result of the experiments on animals, the preparations were distributed in the following order: meldonium <octodrine <hypoxene. Joint oral administration of the test substances was not accompanied by a potentiation of the actoprotective effect. It is established, that the combined use of the studied actoprotectors is comparable with the isolated administration of meldonium, has no advantages over the use of octodrine and surpasses hypoxene in rate of onset of the effect, but is inferior to it in severity and duration. These facts indicate the viability of use of the studied actoprotectors to prevent a decrease in combat readiness in case of the threat of the affection by OPs (hypoxene), for its urgent increase in case of mild affection (octodrine) and for the complex treatment of poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs) (meldonium, hypoxene).

This review is dedicated to the peculiarities of pathogenesis of the experimental Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF) - the disease, caused by Machupo virus (Arenaviridae family). The authors come to the conclusion that for carrying out preclinical researches of the medical means of protection (MMP) in vivo on small laboratory animals it is expedient to use guinea pigs, infected with a strain of Chicava or with a variant of Carvallo strain, adapted for these animals. The use of guinea pigs as small laboratory animals when studying pathogenesis of the disease caused by Machupo virus allows to carry out statistically reliable definition of quantitative indices of an experimental infection and to select medicines for the final stage of preclinical assessment. As arenaviruses block the process of formation of interferon (IFN) in the infected organism, mice, defective by IFN formation, are the perspective animal models for the study of BHF pathogenesis and may be used for the study of attenuated variants of Machupo virus. The Javanese macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are the laboratory animals, modeling the pathogenetic manifestations of BHF in humans. They can be used when carrying out the final stages of preclinical assessment of means of medical protection.

The purpose of the work is to analyze the distribution, natural reservoirs and potential epidemic hazard of new members of the Filoviridae family – Bombali viruses (genus Ebolavirus), Lloviu (genus Cuevavirus), Mengla (genus Dianlovirus), Xylang (genus Striavirus), and Hungjiao (genus Thamnovirus). New filoviruses were detected in Africa (Bombali virus), Europe (Llovi virus) and in Southeast Asia (Mengla, Xylang and Hungjiao viruses). Bats are a natural reservoir for all known filoviruses. This fact is confirmed by the information about the detection of genomic RNA and virus-specific antibodies in them. The isolation of the genomic RNA of filoviruses from bats with the subsequent sequencing and phylogenetic analysis made it possible to identify the Bombali, Lloviu, Mengla, Xylang and Hungjiao viruses as new representatives of the Filoviridae family and to establish their position on the phylogenetic tree of the Filoviridae family. Despite the current lack of information about the isolation of biologically active virus from bats, as well as in spite of lack of established connection between new filoviruses and human diseases, the information that newly identified filoviruses use the same receptors (Neumann-Peak protein) to enter sensitive cells, as the Ebola and Marburg viruses, that are pathogenic for humans, the possible pathogenetic potential of new filoviruses poses a great threat to people living in the territories, inhabited by bats. The possibility of the emergence of new emergent filovirus infections on the territory of Russia necessitates an in-depth study of bats as a natural reservoir of filoviruses in nature.

The purpose of the work is to show the possibilities of vaccine prophylaxis of anthrax in the Russian Federation and its immediate prospects. The article is dedicated to the vaccine preparations, available in Russia and abroad in the arsenal of medical remedies at present, to the history of their creation, to the effectiveness of their use and to the main directions of the improving of the vaccine prevention. The efforts to develop a new generation of vaccines are aimed mainly at the increasing of the safety of vaccines, reducing the frequency of their administration and improving their production technologies. The combined anthrax vaccine developed in the USSR can be used in the emergency prophylaxis of anthrax along with antibiotics. The development of vaccines based on immunogenic antigens synthesized by recombinant producers solves the problem of residual virulence and reactogenicity, as well as the problem of increasing stability and reduction of doses of modern anthrax vaccines. In the nearest future it is necessary: to develop an industrial technology of the production of anthrax vaccines based on recombinant strains – hyperproducers of protective antigen and include them in the prophylaxis and treatment regimens of anthrax infection; to develop scientific and methodological approaches and vaccines for mass immunization against anthrax; to evaluate the possibility of using new adjuvants for the construction of anthrax vaccines, more effective and safer than the existing ones.

The purpose of the study is to summarize our own data and literature data on the significance of poreforming proteins of the outer membrane of Yersinia as factors of their pathogenicity and as diagnostic and protective antigens, and their role in pathological processes considered non-infectious. In the last decades of the last century, the epidemic significance of intestinal yersiniosis caused by the bacteria of Yersinia genus, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica, which are the «doubles» of the plague pathogen (Yersinia pestis) by genetic, cultural, biochemical, and other properties, has significantly increased. It has been established that acute yersiniosis infections without effective treatment can pass into secondary focal forms, leading to the development of systemic diseases that were not previously considered infectious (for example, Grave’s disease). They are characterized by multiple organ lesions, dysfunctions of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, musculoskeletal system, urinary system and gastrointestinal tract, which is a consequence of autoimmune processes based on the ability of Yersinia to molecular mimicry. The paper shows that porins play a significant role in the development of the infectious process and can be considered as pathogenic factors of bacteria. Together with other components of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, they provide adhesion, invasion and colonization of the cells of the host organism by bacteria. Porins can affect a number of eukaryotic cell functions, including cytokine expression, receptor activation, apoptosis induction, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. It has been established that pore-forming Yersinia proteins are protective antigens. The administration of them to laboratory animals induces the formation of species-specific immunity, which allows us to recommend porin protein as a component of chemical and genetic engineering vaccines. Porins are promising for the development of ELISA test systems for the diagnosis of pseudotuberculosis and intestinal yersiniosis, as well as immunopathologies caused by Yersinia bacteria. Given the high degree of similarity of the primary structures of Yersinia porins, it can be assumed that protective preparations created on their basis will protect against infections caused by intestinal yersiniosis, pseudotuberculosis and plague pathogens.

The development of any weapon system is carried out by the implementation of new technologies into the military equipment. The complexity and costliness of their adaptation require the increase of the intensity of personnel training with the simultaneous reduction of material and financial costs. In this connection, it is an urgent task to arrange the conditions for the mass training of military specialists by the elaboration of the training facilities system that allow the trainees to acquire proper skills of the maintenance and combat employment of the weapons and the equipment of radiological, chemical and biological (RChB) defence in an accelerated manner. In order to solve this problem, the subprogram of the development of the system of technical means of training is developed within the framework of the Interspecific complex target program «The Development of the weapon system of the Russian Federation Land forces for the period to 2025». One of the purposes of this subprogram is to reduce the period of training of formations and military units of the Land forces to the required level with the help of computer-based forms of training. The conducted research is aimed at the solution of the problem of the accelerated education of military specialists and at the improvement of the quality of adaptation of new arms and equipment of RChB defence. The purpose of our study is to develop the proposals for the improvement of the organization of combat training by the introduction of interactive teaching computer programs into the system of technical means of training in the educational centers, military units of RChB defence, as well as into the computer work-stations of the special vehicles. The research uses dialectical, informational, analytical and logical methods, a complex of pedagogical and psychological methods, as well as methods of visualization of color materials and interactive learning. We propose the concept of an interactive teaching computer program, which allows to increase the intensity of training of RChB defence troops personell.

Patenting of inventions is the basis of the independence of the Russian Federation in the sphere of high technologies, including dual-use ones. The purpose of this work is to review the main approaches to the legal protection of inventions in the Russian Federation. The ignorance of these approaches becomes one of the main obstacles to the effective patenting of inventions created at the scientific research institutes of the NBC Protection Troops. The paper is dedicated to the detailed consideration of particular problems, such as the correctness of the title of invention, the importance of clear indication of the purpose of the invention and its closest analogue, the danger of the confusion between technical problems and technical results ect. The ignorance of these aspects often leads to the delay in the substantive examination of patent applications. Special attention is paid to the procedure of patenting secret inventions and their status. The internal logic of the creation of intellectual property objects that should be taken into account during the patenting is shown at the example of patenting antidotes for organophosphorus toxic substances, based on hexahistidine-containing organophosphorus hydrolase. The Russian patent system is modern, incorporated into existing international agreements and provides Russian inventors and patent owners all the opportunities for competition in the Russian and world high technology markets. The reasons for delays in the substantive examination of patent applications, as well as for the inefficiency of patenting inventions in the NBC Protection Troops are purely subjective – poor knowledge of the Russian patent system and MoD orders, and the lack of motivation in opposing patent colonization of Russia.