Medical intervention in poisoning by organophosphate toxic agents (OPA) using atropine sulfate, 2-pyridinaldoxymethyl chloride (2-PAM), diazepam and other similar drugs can prevent the fatal outcome of poisoning. These drugs do not protect in case of sudden chemical attack and against post-exposure complications associated with permanent brain damage. The U.S. Department of Defense is funding research that can significantly simplify the protection of military personnel from OPA damage in the future. Their essence is in the use of gene therapy technologies, which allow experimental animals to produce their own proteins that destroy OPA and provide them with protection for several months. The aim of the work is to identify the achieved level of knowledge in the research using gene therapy technologies to create living objects resistant to OPA. The research method is analytical. The source base of the research are publications in scientific journals and descriptions of patents. Discussion of the results. As an enzyme that breaks down OPA in such experiments, genetically modified paraoxanase 1 (PON1) showed the greatest efficiency. PON1 hydrolyzes G-type OPAs, paraoxone, chlorpyrifosoxone, diazoxone and several other organophosphates. Adenoassociated virus vectors (AAV8, etc.) were used to introduce the gene encoding PON1 into the animal's body. A single injection of AAV8 carrying the recombinant PON1-IF11 gene (AAV8-PON1-IF11) resulted in high expression and secretion of the recombinant PON1-IF11 protein into the bloodstream and provided asymptomatic protection against multiple lethal doses of G-type OPA for at least 5 months. These studies are still in their early stage. An analysis of the affiliation of the authors of publications and patents showed a high involvement of the U.S. military department and its cooperating organizations (DTRA, etc.) in such research. Conclusion. Given the fascination in the West with the ideas of human modification using gene therapy methods, this direction will be intensively developed for military purposes. At the same time, the idea of pre-created resistance to OPA is in demand by the widespread use of organophosphates in agriculture. The author believes that it would be safer to use allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells transfected with genetically modified PON1 variants with enhanced enzyme activity. This resistance to OP agents can be health protective and lifesaving in soldiers in real combat when the enemy uses these agents. However, this approach must be based on a strong experimental background. The door is open, the technologies are available.

Earlier, we found that two alcohol-containing samples delivered from the zone of special military operation contain a rare psychoactive substance EA-3167, which is a structural analogue of the well-known incapacitant BZ, included in the Schedule 1 of the Chemical Weapons Convention. In addition to EA-3167, additives of methadone, α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone and tetrahydrocannabinol were found in liquids.
The aim of the work is to establish the analytical characteristics of EA-3167, as well as its metabolites in rat urine. Research methods. Structural identification of the detected substance by nuclear magnetic resonance, gas and liquid chromatomass spectrometry of delivered objects and rat urine obtained by exposing laboratory animals to the detected substance.
The results of the study. Concentrations of EA-3167 in liquids were found to be 910 and 3.9 μg/mL, respectively. It has been established that EA-3167 is subject to intensive metabolism in rats. More than 30 metabolites, representing products of mono- and dihydroxylation of aliphatic moieties of the molecule, ketone formation, and hydrolysis, have been tentatively identified in the urine of laboratory animals. Conclusion. The most convenient markers for confirming poisoning of EA-3167 by gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were the parent substance, the products of its monohydroxylation and the formation of carbonyl group on the cyclopentyl moiety.

This article is dedicated to the history of the development of chemical reconnaissance and control means of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, the Soviet and Russian armies. This plot has never been covered previously in open literature. The aim of the work is to give a sketch of the development of chemical reconnaissance and control means from the First World War to the present day. The source base - documentary sources containing information about the chronology of acceptance for supply of chemical reconnaissance technical means, technical descriptions, manuals and operating instructions, as well as literature containing information about the design and principles of operation of these means. The method of analysis is descriptive. The discussion of the results. The most important factor that has influenced the development of means of indication was the development of chemical weapons. Аn analysis of information sources showed that before the Second World War, exclusively the chemical indication method was used. Since the late 1950s, due to the appearance of the organophosphorus agents, along with the chemical methods of indication, the biochemical methods began to be actively used both in military and in special means of chemical reconnaissance. The ionization method was first implemented in the early 1970s, the remote method (laser sensing) – in the late 1980s. Ion mobility spectrometry has been used since the late 1990s, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and FT-IR spectroscopy – since the early 2000s. The technology of semiconductor sensors has been used in serial devices since the late 2000s. Conclusion. In general, the development of domestic chemical reconnaissance and control means goes in line with global trends. One of the modern trends is the development of combined devices based on a combination of several indication methods. Currently, the leading position is occupied by technical means of remote chemical reconnaissance and instruments, the operating principles of which are based on ion mobility spectrometry.

Knowledge of the biological properties of bacterial toxins is constantly being updated. Over the past two decades, the research interest has shifted from natural toxins to their genetically modified derivatives. The purpose of the work is to summarize the knowledge of the biological properties of bacterial toxins accumulated in the English-language scientific literature in recent years. The research method is analytical. The source base for the research is Englishlanguage scientific literature, accessible through the global Internet. Results. The work examines: the organization and general mechanism of action of bacterial toxin molecules; the reliability of their toxicity indicators given in the scientific literature; toxic effects of toxins of various groups, differing in their mechanism of action; obtaining hybrid and modified toxins; identification of artificial toxins. Conclusions. Among bacterial toxins, binary toxins are the most dangerous. The binary composition of bacterial exotoxins, a good understanding of their subunits, functional domains, assembly mechanisms and intracellular action, make it possible to modify them in the direction of changing the range of targets, toxicity, mechanism of damaging action and immunogenicity. To identify genetically modified toxins, poorly studied analogues and isoforms of natural toxins, special programs based on machine learning can be used.

The most progressive direction for identifying and assessing the chemical warfare situation is the introduction of technologies based on artificial intelligence. The goal of the work is to develop the architecture of a promising system for monitoring the radiation, chemical and biological situation using artificial intelligence. Research information base. Publications on the use of mathematical models in artificial intelligence (AI), available via the Internet. The research method is analytical, from general to specific. We considered the features of using artificial intelligence in automated control systems. Results and discussion. Confrontations with Ukraine and NATO are multivariate and spatial in nature, and require constant monitoring in the face of a lack of specific information about attacks being prepared and already carried out. The use of AI technologies will allow us to go beyond simply displaying the current situation, providing tools for predicting the development of events. The proposed architecture of a promising system involves the creation of a single database filled with verified information from open sources. The developed structure of the web application, which is an interactive interface for analyzing and responding to changes in the chemical warfare situation, will allow flexible switching between information layers and obtaining data in real time. Conclusion. The use of neural network technologies by NBC protection troops will make it possible to search according to specified parameters and conduct retrospective data analysis, which will significantly simplify monitoring of NBC threats for the troops and population of the Russian Federation.