In nature, there are bacteria and eukaryotic multicellular organisms (insects, arthropods) that have extraordinary, nevertheless still poorly understood radiation resistance. Knowledge of its mechanisms can significantly increase the effectiveness of radioprotectors and can lead to fundamental discoveries for the radioprotection in humans.
Relevance. The growing threat of nuclear war and nuclear accidents requires updating and deepening the knowledge of the occurrence of radiation resistance in nature and the development of pharmaceutical means for human radiation protection.
The purpose of the study is to summarize the ideas available in the scientific literature about the mechanisms of increased radiation resistance of some living organisms and about modern radioprotectors.
The source base of the study. Scientific publications available through the biomedical research database PubMed. Research method. Analytical.
Discussion. The reasons for the high radioresistance of the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans and scorpions of the genus Androctonus are considered. For D. radiodurans, the radioresistance is based on the ability to protect its proteome, and not the genome, as previously thought. The resistance of bacterial cells to radiation is regulated by manganese antioxidants. With this ability, D. radiodurans can repair up to 500 breaks, while E. coli can repair two or three DNA breaks at once. The new bioconcept can be expressed as “Primacy of the proteome over the genome”. The principle of the radioresistance of scorpions is less clear. It is known that the main role is played by the hemolymph cells the anulocytes (“hémocytes annelés”), and hemocyanin molecules present freelely in the hemolymph. The paper further describes general therapeutic approaches to the development of new radioprotective agents. Radioprotectors are supposed to prevent/inhibit the formation of free radicals caused by radiation (most of which are formed during radiolysis of water), thereby inhibiting their reactions with biomolecules reducing the frequency of DNA strand breaks and preventing the occurrence of cellular disorders. The classification of radioprotectors is given, their properties are described in detail.
Conclusions. For the future development of radioprotectors, it is important to recognize the “new” paradigm of radioresistance – the “primacy of the proteome over the genome”. From today's practical point of view, the cytoprotective complexing drug Amifostine can be recommended in radiation protection.

Complex compounds of iron(II) and cobalt(II) that contain vitamins С, В2, and В5 have radioprotective potential and are atoxic.
Such compounds can be used as radioprotective agents in case of nuclear explosion threat, before people step out onto surface that has been contaminated with nuclear explosion products or during nuclear accident settlement.
Relevance. Many existing radioprotective agents reveal unwanted side effects, when used. They are also sometimes unavailable. The development of new chemical compounds that exert radioprotective effect provides new possibilities for radioprotection of troops and population of the Russian Federation.
Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to analyze radioprotective effect of complex compounds of iron(II) and cobalt(II) that contain vitamins С, В2, and В5 in case of acute radiation damage.
Materials and methods. The experimental studies radioprotective properties of complex compounds of iron(II) and cobalt(II) in case of acute radiation damage have been conducted. The tests have been performed on laboratory mice. The mice have been exposed to radiation fractionally in 3 stages. The interval between them is 30 days and the radiation doses are 5.4, 3.0, and 6.5 Gr, respectively. The authors have taken into account the radiation exposure equability and dose accuracy. The evaluation of radioprotective efficiency of agents is based on the comparative analysis of changes in indicator values of redistributive shifts in blood samples, signs of direct radiation damage of lymphoid and blood forming tissues and the reactions of vascular and nervous systems to such damages, as well as the outcomes of acute radiation syndrome in control and test groups of mice at three stages of the experiment.
Results. Survival rate in mice, who have been treated with a complex iron compound, is 100%, while survival rate in mice, who have been treated with a cobalt compound is 80%, and the survival rate in mice, who have been treated with Vetoron E is only 40%.
Conclusion. Complex compounds of iron and cobalt that contain vitamins С, В2, and В5 exhibit radioprotective properties. They enhance the resistance to ionizing emission and don’t exert toxic impact on the organism of a living being.

Marburg virus disease (MVD) doesn’t pose any epidemiological risks for the Russian Federation, but it can be used for the purposes of biological warfare and global information manipulations.
Relevance. Nowadays the WHO may proclaim a new killer that could trigger a deadly global epidemic soon (instead of COVID-19). The newcomer is the MVD. The outbreaks of this disease in Equatorial Guinea, Tanzania and Rwanda in 2023–2024 have become quite a plausible pretext for such a proclamation.
Purpose of the study is to make an impartial assessment of MVD epidemic capabilities. Source base of the study. Articles, retrieved from full-text academic periodicals, written in English and available on the Internet.
Materials and methods. The analytical method. The suggestions of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) have been employed. The author has analyzed 50 reviews.
Discussion. The paper summarizes data on history and scale of MVD outbreaks, dwells on taxonomical, biological, ecological and epidemiological properties of Marburg virus (MARV). From 1967 to the end of October 2024 have been registered 692 MVD cases with the mortality rate of 81.2%. The MVD outbreaks emerge in unprotected dry regions of East, South and Central Africa. They are separate and long-term cases. These cases haven’t provoked complex epidemic chains, comparable to spreading of viruses that trigger influenza or COVID-19 pandemics. The MVD pathogenesis is based on the overreaction of the immune system phagocytes on MARV multiplication. For people it results in shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, different necroses and antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. Despite the fact that all parts of human immune system are targeted at MARV, the vaccines are developed in such a way that human immune system is supposed to work against virus. The treatment is pathogenic and symptomatic one.
Conclusions. The fact that MARV has emerged in Equatorial Guinea, Tanzania and Rwanda doesn’t mean that a global crisis has come. However, the nature of this disease is still quite known and provokes misunderstandings. The pathogenesis of this disease indicates that it is worth looking for the MARV primary focus among one-celled organisms in caves, where the bats are infected. We suppose that the infection hinders, because there is a system of innate cellular sensors that induce mRNA virus disintegration in cytoplasm. The immune system activation has nothing to do with it. It is unlikely that we will obtain a vaccine someday. The most efficient tools to stop MVD are surveillance, quarantines and observation periods for the infected and persons who stayed in touch with them. People also should follow particular safety rules.

Mycotoxins are characterized by wide structural diversity and variety of origins.
Various physical and chemical methods are tried for neutralization of mycotoxins.
Enzymatic treatment looks like nature-like and efficient method of detoxification.
Recombinant and fusion enzymes catalyze the detoxification of mixed mycotoxins.
Relevance. Mycotoxins are easily produced by widely spread fungi and possess serious danger for life and wellbeing of humans, as well as farm animals and can be used for sabotage and terrorist acts.
The purpose of the work is analysis of the main up-to-date trends in mycotoxin detoxification, paying special attention to biological (enzymatic) methods.
The source base of the research is mainly English–language scientific literature available via the global Internet network, as well as the authors' own published experimental studies.
The research method is analytical.
Results. The current information on the structures of mycotoxins produced by microscopic fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium, and the objects for their accumulation is summarized. The main investigated methods of physical and chemical effects on mycotoxins in media of various chemical composition are noted. The use of enzymes for the detoxification of mycotoxins is analyzed in more detail. Special attention is paid to individual enzymes capable of catalyzing the conversion of structurally diverse mycotoxins in their mixtures. It is indicated that in order to increase the effectiveness of neutralizing the toxic effects of mycotoxins, it is possible to successfully use different enzymes genetically combined into one molecule (creating fusion proteins) or using a mixture of enzymes.
There is a great potential in the use of enzymes that catalyze the detoxification of mycotoxins, possesing different mechanisms of action, at pH values below neutral.
Conclusions. For detoxification of the same mycotoxins, there are at least several different enzymes that can catalyze reactions with them. Among them are fusion proteins, oxidoreductases (glucose oxidase, peroxidase, laccase). The use of computer models and the application of molecular modeling methods will allow us to obtain enzyme preparations for detoxification of mycotoxins at different pH values.

It is possible to create self-assembling smart spray materials with preset protective chemical and biological properties by modifying the liquid fabrics composition.
Relevance. Previous “smart” sprayed fabrics didn’t possess protective chemical and biological properties. However due to liquid base modification the mentioned fabrics acquire these properties, and if we spray them on clothes, uniform and equipment they can save life of soldiers and military vehicles.
The purpose of the study is to explain and justify the process of creation of protective materials from liquid fabrics and to prove that it is possible to create fabrics with set properties of autopurification and self-sanitizing. Study base sources. Scientific publications available on the Internet and own studies of the authors of this paper.
Materials and methods. Analytical method has been employed in this study.
Results. The authors have provide a theoretical justification for the possibility of creation of smart self-assembling protective materials with set properties of autopurification and self-sanitizing. It has been proved that the spray can create any clothes for any purpose. We can give new properties to such clothes, if we perform liquid base modification with special additives. When we create such self-assembling bonded fabric, it doesn’t require special preparation, sewing and storage in special conditions. The novelty is that we create a liquid suspension that contains nanofibers of fabrics, water, tetrafluoroethane (or other gas), hydrocarbon solvent, pigment colourant nanoparticles of metals and nano-sized, enzymatic polyelectrolyte complexes. This liquid suspension, when sprayed will turn to an innovative smart fabric that will be able to protect from pathogenic microorganisms and toxic chemicals.
Conclusions. (1) “Smart” liquid innovative fabrics and clothes are quite promising for national security protection and national defense. (2) The authors suggested that the existing compositions of liquid fabric sprays should be modified. The added chemical and biological active components will give the “smart” fabrics in question such properties as self-assembly, autopurification and self-sanitizing. (3) The choice of the components for a new composition for liquid fabrics has been justified in this article.

Academician I.L. Knunyants has made significant contributions to almost all the fields of organic chemistry that have been studied in the USSR. He is the founder of fluroorganic compounds chemistry. This is the field of chemistry that studies fluroorganic compounds of phosphorous, sulfur, selenium and others, he is also the founder of industrial scale production of teflon, kapron and nylon; he has contributed greatly to the development of antimalarial drugs, blood substitute called perfluoran, hydrogen cyanide antidotal substances and cytostatic antineoplastic drugs.
Relevance. If we forget prominent persons in Soviet and Russian science, it will turn Russia into a colony of the West, and we will lose our self-esteem and will not be able to go forward and to progress. The last paper devoted to the biography and scientific contributions of a major general and engineer I.L. Knunyants (1906–1990) was published in 1996. From that time on the publications contained only the list of his main achievements, and even that is mostly forgotten.
Purpose of the study is summarize and systematize the main data on the scientific career of academician I. L. Knunyants and to describe it in the light of events that happened in the 20th century and influenced our history Study base sources. Documents the contain information on I.L. Knunyants’ biography as well as on his inventions (including his own scientific works).
Materials and methods. Descriptive method has been employed in this study. Results. The authors have considered the way of I.L. Knunyants as a scientist, how he decided to become one, the main fields of his activity as a scientist, as a teacher and as a member of society, his main achievements and inventions.
Conclusions. Studies that were conducted by I.L. Knunyants were quite efficient and fruitful and had a practical focus. They were in-depth studies of fluoroorganic sulphurorganic phosphrous organic and heterocyclic compounds. I.L. Knunyants obtained important results for pharmacology (anti-malarial and carcinolytic drugs, artificial blood substitute) worked on the ways of developing drugs and polymers, has obtained efficient photosensitizers.