The combination of several modules, including metal nanoparticles (tantalum or zinc), antimicrobial substances,  enzyme nanocomplexes that provide self-purification (self-degassing) and multiple functionalization, makes it possible  to create materials that provide protection against chemical and biological damaging agents. The purpose of this work  is to study the combined effect of metal nanoparticles, other biocidal compounds, and nanosized enzyme complexes  of hexidine-containing organophosphate hydrolase and penicillin acylase deposited on unified tissue platforms on  organophosphorus compounds and bactericidal activity. Materials and research methods. The protective self-cleaning  material was created on the basis of the principle of constructing modular materials with desired properties. Nanosized  metal complexes and enzymatic non-covalent polyelectrolyte complexes with polyglutamic acid or antimicrobial  peptides were applied to a tissue unified platform in a certain sequence and in a certain amount, and its antitoxic  and antimicrobial properties were studied. The discussion of the results. With the simultaneous operation of several  modules, subject to certain requirements for applying the quantity and sequence, the properties of the modules are  preserved, which do not neutralize or disable the specific properties of the modules and do not interfere with other  modules to perform their functions. The best results of such materials can be obtained by combining biologically inert  Ta nanoparticles and a stabilized enzyme in a polyelectrolyte complex. To acquire antimicrobial properties, fibrous  materials can be functionalized not only by a combination of metal nanoparticles with enzyme preparations, but  also by a combination of low molecular weight antibiotics with enzymes. Conclusions. The studies performed have  demonstrated the possibility of combining modules containing metal carboxylates, metal nanoparticles, and enzyme  nanocomplexes for multiple functionalization of the same fibrous materials, which acquired biocidal and antichemical  protective properties. New self-degassing materials have been obtained that have protective chemical and biological  properties and high stability in terms of catalytic activity with respect to the main substrates of the introduced enzymes  and bactericidal activity. The use of such approaches makes it possible to impart protective properties to almost any  fabric or clothing made from it, on which the studied modules will be applied, which will provide the required level of  protection for personnel and have a debilitating and chilling effect.

The timely detection of violations of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling  and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (CWC) requires reliable methods for detecting toxic chemicals  that can be used for chemical attacks. The purpose of this investigation is to estimate chromatographic and mass-spectral  characteristics of some toxic chemicals recently included into Schedule 1 of the Annex on Chemicals of the CWC,  in particular N-(N,N-diethylacetamidino)-methylfluorophosphonate (DEAMP), N-(N,N-diethylacetamidino)-O-methylfluorophosphate (DEAOMP) and N-(N,N-diethylacetamidino)-O-ethylfluorophosphate (DEAOEP) and the  improvement of the qualification of the Chemical Analytical Control Laboratory experts taking part in the OPCW  Proficiency Tests. Materials and methods. The technique of high efficient liquid chromatography coupled with tandem  high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/HRMS) was used during the investigation. The results. The results of  optimization of conditions of mass-spectrometric detection, selection of optimal pairs of ion reactions and program of  gradient elution during separation of chemicals in reversed-phase liquid chromatography were presented. Presented  approach was tested in analysis of model aqueous samples; metrological parameters of detection of compounds  were estimated. Conclusion. It was shown during investigation that electrospray ionization mass-spectra of DEAMP,  DEAOMP and DEAOEP contain intensive peaks of protonated molecular ions, which after further fragmentation  produce characteristic product-ions used for identification and high sensitive detection of parent compounds by LC-MS/HRMS. Limits of detection of DEAMP, DEAOMP and DEAOEP were 1.0 ng/mL, 0.5 ng/mL and 0.5 ng/mL,  respectively

The civil war in Chad has become one of the most protracted conflicts on the African continent. Its gradual  internationalization led to the participation of three foreign military contingents in an internal armed confrontation Libya has taken an active military part in the civil war in Chad since 1972. There were several indications in certain  studies about the use of chemical weapons by the Libyan troops. In the realities of the 1980s, these allegations could  be true, or they could be an element of some information campaign against Libya. The purpose of this article is to  verify the reports of the use of chemical weapons in Chad. Sources, methods. The sources for the study were the UN  documents, declassified CIA materials and media reports. Cross-analysis of the documents, as well as the historical  reconstruction of background events were carried out. Discussion of the results and conclusions. The analysis of the  sources showed that, to date, no material evidence of the use of chemical weapons by Libyan troops in Chad has been  found. There were no testimonies of direct witnesses and victims. No investigations have been carried out. Two sources  of dissemination of information about the use of chemical weapons in northern Chad have been identified. The first  one is the representatives of one of the participants in the civil war, Hissene Habré, who held the post of president in  N'Djamena and fought against the Libyan troops. Representatives of H. Habré made such statements in December  1986. They cannot be considered reliable. In this way, one of the parties to the civil war wanted to show that Chad  was the victim of the aggression with the use of weapons prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925. However, it was  established that in 1986 Libya did not possess chemical weapons. The second source is the CIA reports retransmitted  to the public space in September 1987 about the alleged deliveries of chemical weapons to Libya from Iran. The  reliability of these reports is doubtful. The «Iranian trace» has also not been proven. In 1987, during the Iran-Iraq war  (1980-1988), chemical weapons were used against Iran, but the military-chemical potential of Iran itself has not been  established. However, such an accusation organically fit into the policy of containment of «rogue states» pursued by  the administration of US President Ronald Reagan. In this article, cross-analysis methods have been tested. They have  shown their effectiveness in retrospective investigations.

For almost 60 years, the United States has tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in Cuba, using a variety  of means, including chemical and biological agents. At the same time, their use has always been officially denied by  Washington. The purpose of this article is to summarize the available sources proving the involvement of the United  States, as well as the groups of the Cuban opposition created and supported by the US, in biological and chemical  sabotage against both the economy and the people of Cuba. Sources, research methods. The author used a variety of  open sources, including the statements by Cuban officials, materials from the Cuban and American press, declassified  documents from the US government agencies, as well as public confessions of former CIA agents and Cuban opposition  figures. The research method is the cross analysis. The discussion of the results. The declassified US documents show  that the organizers of «Operation 40» and «Operation Mongoose» planned to use biological agents and parasitic plants  against plantations of crops and livestock. Sugar exported to the USSR was also poisoned. In addition, the head of one  of the Cuban terrorist organizations admitted that he had imported biological agents to Cuba, which provoked an  epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever in 1981. The testimoies of several other former CIA agents also point to the use  of African swine fever in 1971 to kill pigs in Cuba. The atypical course of the Dengue fever epidemic in 1981, as well as  the absence of a strain (Dengue-2) of this virus in the Western Hemisphere at that time, indicate the planned nature of  the sabotage, which resulted in an outbreak on the island. Conclusions. During the Cold War, the United States actively  used chemical and biological agents against agriculture and the people of Cuba. The facts considered allow us to draw  conclusions about the nature of the methods that the CIA used to organize and conduct biosabotage: such operations  were planned «in the long run» and had large-scale goals – for example, to eliminate sugar production on the island or  cause famine; highly contagious pathogens of human and animal diseases were used for biological sabotage; artificially caused outbreaks of epidemics and epizootics were disguised as natural ones; representatives of the local opposition, as  well as mercenaries, were involved in the implementation of sabotage; to infect farm animals, vaccines contaminated  with virulent strains directly at biofactories, as well as contaminated feed were used.

The means of smoke camouflage made it possible to carry out many effective operations, while saving and saving many  soldiers' lives. The purpose of the work is to summarize the experience of using smoke to mask the combat operations  of the Red Army troops during the Great Patriotic War. Materials and research methods. In chronological order, we  analyzed documents stored in the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Podolsk), field  manuals of the Red Army of that time, materials on various electronic resources and memoirs of participants in the  events. The discussion of the results. If the first year of the war, smoke screens were used to a limited extent only on the  Leningrad and Karelian fronts, then in the period from August 1942 to August 1943, 161 smoke screens were placed  only on the Kalinin front in order to secure the flanks, as well as divert the attention of the enemy and blind him , which  in many cases ensured the absence of irretrievable losses of personnel and combat vehicles. In 1943, the use of smoke became a means of ensuring crossings, for example, during the period of forcing the Dnieper River. The following data  speak of the scale of the use of smoke in 1944: in the second half of the year alone, 1,449 smoke screens were delivered  on a common front of 1,351 km. In April 1945, 630 smoke screens were delivered with a total front of 700.2 km, both  on the main and secondary directions. They were used for operational camouflage on an army front scale. Conclusion.  The facts of the use of masking smokes given in the review indicate that smokes were an active means of masking the  military operations of troops during the Great Patriotic War, the principles of their use can be used during a special  operation in Ukraine.

The lecture is intended to prepare military specialists in the field of nuclear and radiation safety and security for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, as well as to train officials responsible for organizing and ensuring radiation safety in military units and organizations of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

The lecture addresses two study questions:

1) The main external threats in the sphere of radiological safety.

2) The main internal threats in the sphere of radiological safety.