The contemporary level of the development of the theory of laser location and technical possibilities of lidar systems allows not only to solve certain problems of remote control of the optical properties of aerosol formations, but also to measure their concentrational characteristics and the parameters of the distribution function of the aerosol particles, using multi-frequency laser sensing. Because of that the remote means of chemical reconnaissance of active type with the function of measuring the parameters of aerosols of toxic substances and highly active toxic substances represent a new generation of such technologies. It is possible to give certain promising mobile lidar complexes of remote chemical reconnaissance special functions of measuring systems by introducing modern software and special algorithms for reversing lidar sensing data into macro- and microstructural characteristics of clouds of physiologically active substances (PhAS) in the atmosphere. This ensures control of the concentrations of multicomponental mixtures of PhAS, the parameters of the distribution function of the aerosol of PhAS by dispersion with the overlapping of isolines of the concentrations of the displayed PhAS on the terrain map. Mathematical studies allows us to formulate basic requirements for multi-frequency lidar measurements – optical measurement error for all λi should not exceed 5% - the imaginary part of the complex index of refraction of the substance of the aerosol of PhAS should be χ ≤ 0, 005 the error in specifying the real part of the complex refractive index must be within +_0,02. If these requirements are met, this sensing method becomes an effective tool for the study of the disperse composition of aerosols.

The causative agent of anthrax - Bacillus anthracis, due to the prevalence of its natural foci in Russia, high virulence for humans and most mammals, the unique resistance of spore forms to environmental factors and repeated use in terrorist acts, is an extremely dangerous biological agent. Therefore, the search for new effective drugs for the diagnosis and treatment of anthrax, including diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant strains of B. anthracis is necessary. The use of lytic enzymes of species-specific bacteriophages is a new trend in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. The goal of this work is the cloning of the anthrax bacteriolysin PlyPH gene as part of the pTrcHis2C vector in Escherichia coli and the in vitro study of the lytic properties of the protein encoded by it against B. anthracis microbial cells. According to the complete sequencing of the B. anthracis genomes of the Ames, Stern 34F2 and JB17 strains, a prophage was found in their chromosomal DNA, which lost part of the structural genes necessary for its replication, but retained a gene with a high degree of homology with the bacteriolysin γ phage gene. For amplification and subsequent cloning of the PlyPH gene, we developed primers containing EcoRI and BamHI restriction enzyme recognition sites. Amplification of the PlyPH gene in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a developed pair of primers was performed using the Stern 34F2 strain of the anthrax microbe as a template. Based on the obtained amplification products and the pTrcHis2C vector, we constructed a recombinant plasmid containing the bacteriolysin synthesis PlyPH gene and stably functioning in the cells of the recombinant E. coli strain. In the course of research, it has been established that microbial cells of the E. coli recombinant TOP10 strain provide for the production of the bacteriolysin of the anthrax prophage, PlyPH, which has the ability to in vitro lyse the vegetative cells of the STI-1 vaccine strain of B. anthracis.

Holothurians (or sea cucumbers) are echinoderms and are found in all areas of the world oceans. These animals produce special low-molecular metabolites - triterpene glycosides, which are a means of chemical protection of holothurians from predators. The content of triterpene glycosides in the tissues of holothurians can reach a significant amount of up to 1 g/kg, and especially many of these compounds are localized in the Cuvierian tubules - special protection organ presents in a number of tropical holothurians. Tritirepene glycosides of holothurians are quite toxic, they exhibit hemolytic, cytotoxic and neurotoxic activity at a concentration range of 1×10⁴–1×10⁶ M. The toxic properties of glycosides are based on the ability of these compounds to interact with ∆5-sterols (mainly cholesterol) of plasma membranes and form ion-conducting complexes. In turn, this leads to a change in the ion permeability and selectivity of biomembranes, disruption of barrier properties, ion homeostasis and osmolarity of cells, and further to cell lysis and death.
Contact with holoturias when diving in shallow water, which is fraught with damage to the eyes and mucous membranes by triterpene glycosides, may be of some danger to humans. Excessive consumption of commercial edible holothurians in food, especially without prior heat treatment, as is customary in some South-East Asia countries, can lead to diarrhea and dyspepsia. Triterpene glycosides in the bloodstream can lead to blood lysis and serious consequences up to death.
The holothurians are animals commercially harvested in Russia. They are used in food and for the preparation of medicinal supplements and preparations. Excessive consumption of commercial edible holothurians for food, especially without long-term boiling, as is customary in Southeast Asia, can lead to diarrhea and dyspepsia. Triterpene glycosides in the bloodstream can lead to blood lysis and serious consequences up to death. The use of dietary supplements with an uncontrolled glycoside content is fraught with similar consequences, and the presence of immunosuppressants among glycosides that have fallen into such additives and drugs can worsen the condition of patients or sick animals. Control of the qualitative and quantitative content of glycosides in food and medicinal products from holothurians should be an integral part of measures to improve the biological safety of citizens of the Russian Federation.

The Iraqis became the first nation to use chemical weapons on the modern battlefield during the IranIraq War (1980-1988). There are no general reviews and research available on this issue in Russian. It also puts the Russian researchers in an unequal position in comparison with their Western and Middle Eastern colleagues, who have such information from a wide range of sources. This lack of knowledge limits our ability to understand the secret mechanisms that trigger modern chemical wars in the Middle East. The analysis in the present study is based on different Western sources, UN and CIA materials. The article shows that Iraq – a third world country with the population of 16,3 million people in 1980-ies and relatively low educational level – could start its chemical weapons program only due to the Western aid and assistance (supplies of the precursors, technologies and technical documentation, education of specialists, diplomatic support ect). Only due to this assistance the Iraqi`s chemical weapons program could become successful. The industrial production of chemical agents and chemical munitions of various tactical purposes was established by the Iraqis in less than 10 years. By the end of the 1980-ies, the Iraqi chemists laid the foundations of the future research in the sphere of toxic chemicals. The industrial base for the production of CW have also been established. For Russia, the success of the Iraq`s chemical weapons program is a warning. It means that technically backward, but oil rich quasi-state can acquire chemical weapons in a few years with the clandestine support of the same «sponsors», and use it both for provocations and for conducting combat operations in the regions, vital for Russia`s interests.

The treatment of certain areas with tank mixtures of herbicides is a rational way of reducing costs of destruction of non-desirable vegetation at the facilities of the Ministry of Defence. The article is dedicated to the results of the evaluation of effectiveness of different modern herbicidal preparations and their tank mixtures during vegetative laboratory tests and field experiment. Monocotyledonous plants (pooideae including wheat), dicotyledon plants (legumes including kidney beans), sunflower family (including sunflower itself) and cruciferous plants (radishes) have been tested. These families include most of the weeds, infesting non-agricultural lands. The doses of individual drugs that cause 50% and 70 % mortality of plants were determined by the method of probit analysis. The efficiency of tank mixtures was evaluated by the value of the coefficient of synergistic action. If the actual effects of tank mixture exceeds the expected, the presence of synergistic interaction of active substances and the effectiveness of tank mixtures considered to be established (preparations Goliaf + Shkval for sunflower and pooideae; preparations Goliaf+Lintur for cruciferous plants). Otherwise, the combination of preparations was considered ineffective due to the antagonism of the active substances. The results of comparative experiments showed, that it is feasible to use a tanktype mixtures, containing herbicidal preparations Lintur+Goliaf+Shkval+Atron for the control or complete annihilation of non-desirable vegetation at military facilities .