Оценка опасности возбудителей зоонозных вирусных инфекций как потенциальных агентов пандемий

Причиной возникновения большинства вновь возникающих заболеваний является передача патогенов от животных к человеку. Целью настоящего обзора является оценка опасности возбудителей зоонозных опасных и особо опасных вирусных инфекционных заболеваний как потенциальных агентов пандемий. Материалы и методы. В работе представлен анализ данных, опубликованных в отечественных и англоязычных научных изданиях, а также размещенных в сети Интернет. Метод исследования – аналитический. Обсуждение результатов. По меньшей мере, 70 % всех возникающих заболеваний имеют зоонозный резервуар. Возрастающее влияние зоонозных патогенов определяется экспоненциальным ростом деятельности человека на ранее неосвоенных территориях. Заражение людей зоонозными патогенами происходит при прямом или косвенном контакте с инфицированными животными и поверхностями, контаминированными их выделениями, через укусы членистоногих и потребление загрязненных пищевых продуктов и питьевой воды. Среди зоонозов установлены две различные модели передачи патогенов от диких животных человеку. Одна из этих моделей предполагает, что инфицирование человека является случайным событием с низкой долей вероятности, в дальнейшем происходит передача патогена от человека к человеку. Во второй модели, прямой или векторно-опосредованный, перенос патогена от животного человеку является звеном естественного цикла возбудителя. Риск передачи вируса из зоонозного резервуара человеку является самым высоким у таких видов животных, которые адаптированы к ареалам проживания человека. Выводы. Наибольший уровень опасности, как источник зоонозных заболеваний, представляют приматы, копытные, плотоядные и особенно рукокрылые, которые являются естественными резервуарами ряда опасных и особо опасных вирусных заболеваний. Представители семейств Poxviridae, Ortomyxoviridae и Coronaviridae уже вызывали пандемии, которые наносили колоссальный ущерб всем сферам деятельности человечества. Эти возбудители могут рассматриваться как наиболее вероятные инфекционные агенты будущих пандемий.

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