Immunochips – modern tools for specific detection of pathogenic biological agents

Highlights Immunochip technology provides multiplex (simultaneous) identification of a wide spectrum of pathogens and toxins with high sensitivity and rapid analysis time (15–30 minutes). Its key advantages – the potential for miniaturization and automation – determine its suitability for creating a new generation of field biological reconnaissance tools. Relevance. The rapid detection and identification of biological threats is a critical task for ensuring troop safety. Existing field detection methods lack the necessary multiplexing capability and speed, which delays situational assessment and   decision-making. Purpose of the study is to analyze modern multianalyte immunochip technologies and assess the prospects for their adaptation and application in equipping Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) defense troops to enhance the effectiveness of biological reconnaissance. Study base sources. An analysis of data from open international scientific databases (Scopus, PubMed), publications in peer-reviewed journals, conference materials, and patent documents related to the development and application of immunochips for the detection of pathogenic biological agents was conducted. Research method. Methods of systematic analysis and synthesis of scientific and technical information were applied. Various immunochip platforms (planar, suspension, microfluidic) and detection principles (optical, electrochemical) were reviewed. Results. The characteristics of modern immunochip systems capable of detecting the causative agents of anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulinum toxins, ricin, and other agents with high sensitivity (up to 103 CFU/ml for bacteria, single ng/ml for toxins) have been systematized. Conclusion. Immuno-chip technology has reached a level suitable for creating a new generation of field biological reconnaissance tools. Its implementation will allow for the transition to operational multiplex threat screening, which will significantly improve the effectiveness of CBRN defense forces. The development of unified and adaptive platforms is a promising area. Practical significance of the work. The results of the work form the basis for the development of prospective equipment models for RCB Defense troops: 1) mobile multi-component analyzers for laboratories based on complexes like "Sych"; 2) portable detectors for non-standard reconnaissance groups; 3) stationary automated posts for air monitoring at critical facilities. The implementation of such systems will drastically reduce sample collection and analysis time, increasing the timeliness and validity of decisions regarding the biological protection of troops.

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