Нанотехнологии – реальная или мнимая угроза биологической безопасности?

Основные моменты Нанотехнологии, обеспечивающие создание материалов размером от 1 до 100 нм, порождают принципиально новый класс угроз биологической безопасности. Доступность «зеленого синтеза» (с использованием микроорганизмов и растений) позволяет получать токсичные наночастицы в полевых условиях, а их комбинация с CRISPR-Cas-технологиями создает потенциал для разработки оружия двойного назначения – от средств доставки токсинов до наногенетических поражающих агентов. Актуальность. В научной литературе отсутствует единая точка зрения на биологические риски нанотехнологий и не дан прогноз их возможного использования противником с учетом современного технологического развития, что требует системного анализа угроз для оборонной сферы. Цель исследования – на основе анализа литературы оценить потенциальные угрозы биологической безопасности со стороны нанотехнологий и их значимость для задач РХБ защиты. Источниковая база исследования. Статьи из полнотекстовых англоязычных научных журналов, доступных через сеть Интернет, а также обзоры по военно-прикладным аспектам нанотехнологий. Метод. Аналитический обзор и систематизация данных с элементами прогностического анализа. Обсуждение. Установлены основные механизмы токсичности: генерация активных форм кислорода, повреждение мембран и ДНК, апоптоз, нарушения клеточных сигнальных путей. Критическими факторами, определяющими поражающее действие, являются размер, заряд поверхности, форма и химический состав частиц. Выявлено, что технология «зеленого синтеза» (с использованием бактерий, грибов, растений) делает производство наночастиц доступным для террористических и диверсионных групп. Обосновано, что наибольшую опасность представляет комбинация нанотехнологий с CRISPR-Cas-редактированием геномов, позволяющая создавать средства адресной доставки токсинов и генетически модифицирующие агенты. Продемонстрировано, что наночастицы накапливаются в пищевых цепях и объектах окружающей среды, вызывая отдаленные экологические последствия. Заключение. Нанотехнологии представляют реальную угрозу биологической безопасности, требующую разработки методов индикации наночастиц в биосредах, оценки эффективности существующих средств защиты и создания антидотов. Технологический рывок последних лет способен превратить гипотетические сегодня сценарии в реальность завтрашнего дня. Практическая значимость работы. Систематизированы данные о доступности технологий синтеза наночастиц и механизмах их токсичности, что позволяет обосновать требования к модернизации средств индикации, индивидуальной защиты и терапии применительно к задачам войск РХБ защиты.

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