nbsprotВестник войск РХБ защитыJournal of NBC Protection Corps2587-57283034-279127 Научный центр10.35825/2587-5728-2026-10-1-5-24ctiobznbsprot-438Research ArticleБиологическая безопасность и защита от биологических угрозBiological Security and Protection against Biological ThreatsНанотехнологии – реальная или мнимая угроза биологической безопасности?Nanotechnology is a real or imaginary threat to biological safety?ДармовИ. В.DarmovI. V.

Дармов Илья Владимирович. Главный научный сотрудник научно- исследовательского управления, д-р мед. наук, проф.

Ilya V. Darmov. Chief Researcher of the Department, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

23527@mil.ruЯновС. Н.YanovS. N.

Янов Сергей Николаевич. Старший научный сотрудник, д-р биол. наук, проф.

Sergey N. Yanov. Senior Researcher of the Research Department, Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor

МаракулинИ. В.MaraculinI V.

Маракулин Игорь Вадимович. Ведущий научный сотрудник, д-р мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр.

Igor V. Marakulin. Leading Researcher of the Research Department, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher

КибиревЯ. А.KibirevYa. A.

Кибирев Ярослав Александрович. Начальник научно-исследовательского отдела, канд. биол. наук

Yaroslav A.Kibirev. Chief of the Research Department, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)

СуслопаровА. А.SusloparovA. A.

Суслопаров Алексей Александрович. Начальник научно-исследовательского управления, канд. мед. наук

Aleksey A.Susloparov. Chief of the Department, Cand. Sci. (Med.)

Филиал федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «48 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт (г. Киров)» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации 610000, г. Киров, Октябрьский проспект, д. 119РоссияBranch of the 48 Central Research Institute (Kirov) of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian FederationRussian Federation202605052026101524Copyright © Дармов И.В., Янов С.Н., Маракулин И.В., Кибирев Я.А., Суслопаров А.А., 20262026Дармов И.В., Янов С.Н., Маракулин И.В., Кибирев Я.А., Суслопаров А.А.Darmov I.V., Yanov S.N., Maraculin I.V., Kibirev Y.A., Susloparov A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/438

Основные моменты Нанотехнологии, обеспечивающие создание материалов размером от 1 до 100 нм, порождают принципиально новый класс угроз биологической безопасности. Доступность «зеленого синтеза» (с использованием микроорганизмов и растений) позволяет получать токсичные наночастицы в полевых условиях, а их комбинация с CRISPR-Cas-технологиями создает потенциал для разработки оружия двойного назначения – от средств доставки токсинов до наногенетических поражающих агентов. Актуальность. В научной литературе отсутствует единая точка зрения на биологические риски нанотехнологий и не дан прогноз их возможного использования противником с учетом современного технологического развития, что требует системного анализа угроз для оборонной сферы. Цель исследования – на основе анализа литературы оценить потенциальные угрозы биологической безопасности со стороны нанотехнологий и их значимость для задач РХБ защиты. Источниковая база исследования. Статьи из полнотекстовых англоязычных научных журналов, доступных через сеть Интернет, а также обзоры по военно-прикладным аспектам нанотехнологий. Метод. Аналитический обзор и систематизация данных с элементами прогностического анализа. Обсуждение. Установлены основные механизмы токсичности: генерация активных форм кислорода, повреждение мембран и ДНК, апоптоз, нарушения клеточных сигнальных путей. Критическими факторами, определяющими поражающее действие, являются размер, заряд поверхности, форма и химический состав частиц. Выявлено, что технология «зеленого синтеза» (с использованием бактерий, грибов, растений) делает производство наночастиц доступным для террористических и диверсионных групп. Обосновано, что наибольшую опасность представляет комбинация нанотехнологий с CRISPR-Cas-редактированием геномов, позволяющая создавать средства адресной доставки токсинов и генетически модифицирующие агенты. Продемонстрировано, что наночастицы накапливаются в пищевых цепях и объектах окружающей среды, вызывая отдаленные экологические последствия. Заключение. Нанотехнологии представляют реальную угрозу биологической безопасности, требующую разработки методов индикации наночастиц в биосредах, оценки эффективности существующих средств защиты и создания антидотов. Технологический рывок последних лет способен превратить гипотетические сегодня сценарии в реальность завтрашнего дня. Практическая значимость работы. Систематизированы данные о доступности технологий синтеза наночастиц и механизмах их токсичности, что позволяет обосновать требования к модернизации средств индикации, индивидуальной защиты и терапии применительно к задачам войск РХБ защиты.

Highlights Nanotechnologies enabling the creation of materials sized 1100 nm generate a fundamentally new class of biological   security threats. The accessibility of "green synthesis" (using microorganisms and plants) allows toxic nanoparticles to be produced under field conditions, and their combination with CRISPR-Cas technologies creates potential for developing dual-use weapons – from toxin delivery systems to nanogenetic agents. Relevance. The scientific literature lacks a unified perspective on the biological risks of nanotechnologies and provides no forecast of their potential adversary use considering current technological development, necessitating a systematic threat analysis for the defense sector. Purpose of the study is to assess potential biological security threats posed by nanotechnologies and their significance for CBRN defense tasks based on literature analysis. Study base sources. Articles from full-text English-language scientific journals available via the Internet. Method. Analytical review and data systematization with elements of predictive analysis. Discussion. Nanoparticles are classified by dimensionality (0 D to 3 D) and composition (organic, carbon-based, inorganic). Key toxicity mechanisms are established: reactive oxygen species generation, membrane and DNA damage, apoptosis, and disruption of cellular signaling pathways. Critical factors determining harmful effects include particle size, surface charge, shape, and chemical composition. "Green synthesis" technology (using bacteria, fungi, plants) makes nanoparticle production accessible to terrorist and sabotage groups. The greatest danger is posed by combining nanotechnologies with CRISPR-Cas genome editing, enabling targeted toxin delivery systems and genetically modifying agents. Nanoparticles accumulate in food chains and environmental objects, causing long-term ecological consequences. Conclusion. Nanotechnologies represent a real biological security threat requiring development of nanoparticle detection methods in biological media, assessment of existing protective measures effectiveness, and creation of antidotes. The technological breakthrough of recent years (analogous to unmanned systems development) can transform today's hypothetical scenarios into tomorrow's reality. Practical significance of the work. This work systematizes data on nanoparticle synthesis accessibility and toxicity mechanisms, substantiating requirements for modernizing detection means, personal protective equipment, and therapeutic approaches relevant to CBRN defense tasks.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.