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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nbsprot</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник войск РХБ защиты</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of NBC Protection Corps</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5728</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-2791</issn><publisher><publisher-name>27 Научный центр</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-1-66-85</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">epwbfh</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nbsprot-99</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Биологическая безопасность и защита от биологических угроз</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Biological Security and Protection against Biological Threats</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эволюция средств и принципов оспопрививания</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evolution of means and principles of smallpox vaccination</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисевич</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisevich</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Борисевич Сергей Владимирович. Начальник Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «48 ЦНИИ» Минобороны России, д-р биол. наук, проф., чл.-корр. РАН.</p><p>г. Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д.11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey Vladimirovich Borisevich. Head of the FSBE «48 Central Scientific Research Institute». Doctor of Biological Sciences, Corresponding Member of RAS.</p><p>Oktyabrskiy Street 11, Sergiev Posad 141306</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">48cnii@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подкуйко</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Podkuyko</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Подкуйко Валерий Николаевич. Ведущий научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского испытательного отдела ФГБУ «48 ЦНИИ» Минобороны России, д-р мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр.</p><p>г. Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д.11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valery Nikolayevich Podkuyko. Leading Researcher. Doctor of Medical Science.</p><p>Oktyabrskiy Street 11, Sergiev Posad 141306</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пирожков</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pirozhkov</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пирожков Алексей Петрович. Ведущий научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского управления ФГБУ «48 ЦНИИ» Минобороны России, канд. мед. наук.</p><p>г. Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д.11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksei Petrovich Pirozhkov. Leading Researcher. Candidate of Medical Sciences.</p><p>Oktyabrskiy Street 11, Sergiev Posad 141306</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тереньтев</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Terent'ev</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тереньтев Александр Иванович. Старший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского испытательного отдела ФГБУ «48 ЦНИИ» Минобороны России, д-р биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр.</p><p>г. Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д.11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr Ivanovich Terent'ev. Leading Researcher. Doctor of Biological Sciences.</p><p>Oktyabrskiy Street 11, Sergiev Posad 141306</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краснянский</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnyansky</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Краснянский Владимир Павлович. Старший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского испытательного отдела ФГБУ «48 ЦНИИ» Минобороны России, канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр.</p><p>г. Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д.11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir Pavlovich Krasnyansky. Leading Researcher. Doctor of Biological Sciences</p><p>Oktyabrskiy Street 11, Sergiev Posad 141306</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рождественский</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozhdestvensky</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рождественский Евгений Всеволодович. Начальник научно-исследовательского отдела ФГБУ «48 ЦНИИ» Минобороны России, канд. мед. наук.</p><p>г. Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д.11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenii Vsevolodovich Rozhdestvensky. Head of the Scientific Research Department. Candidate of Medical Sciences</p><p>Oktyabrskiy Street 11, Sergiev Posad 141306</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаров</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Назаров Станислав Викторович. Старший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского отдела ФГБУ «48 ЦНИИ» Минобороны России.</p><p>г. Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д.11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stanislav Viktorovich Nazarov. Senior Researcher.</p><p>Oktyabrskiy Street 11, Sergiev Posad 141306</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>С. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznecov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузнецов Сергей Леонидович. Начальник отдела, д-р мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр.</p><p>119160, Москва, Фрунзенская наб., д. 22/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stanislav Viktorovich Kuznecov. Head of the Department. Doctor of Medical Sciences.</p><p>141306, Moscow, Frunzenskay Еmb. 22/2.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «48 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Establishment «48 Central Scientific Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Управление начальника войск радиационной, химической и биологической защиты Вооруженных&#13;
Сил Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of the Head of the Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Protection Troops of the Russian Armed Forces</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>66</fpage><lpage>85</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Борисевич С.В., Подкуйко В.Н., Пирожков А.П., Тереньтев А.И., Краснянский В.П., Рождественский Е.В., Назаров С.В., Кузнецов С.Л., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Борисевич С.В., Подкуйко В.Н., Пирожков А.П., Тереньтев А.И., Краснянский В.П., Рождественский Е.В., Назаров С.В., Кузнецов С.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Borisevich S.V., Podkuyko V.N., Pirozhkov A.P., Terent'ev A.I., Krasnyansky V.P., Rozhdestvensky E.V., Nazarov S.V., Kuznecov S.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/99">https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/99</self-uri><abstract><p>Существуют несколько возможных причин возврата натуральной оспы как эндемического заболевания. Например, возможность сохранения вируса натуральной оспы в активном состоянии в трупах больных, захороненных в районах вечной мерзлоты или эволюционные изменения ортопоксвирусов с появлением более вирулентных штаммов. С момента ликвидации натуральной оспы изменились требования к оспенным вакцинам, что привело к смене принципов оспопрививания. Цель исследования – изучение эволюции средств и принципов оспопрививания для определения дальнейшего направления совершенствования противооспенных средств иммунопрофилактики. Всего за весь более чем 200-летний период использования человечеством активной иммунопрофилактики ортопоксвирусных инфекций было разработано четыре поколения вакцинных препаратов. Первое – дермовакцины, представляющие собой вируссодержащий детрит кожи телят. Второе – в качестве субстрата накопления вируса использовались культуры клеток или куриных эмбрионов. Третье – вакцины, полученные на основе аттенуированных различными способами штаммов вируса вакцины. Четвертое – ДНК-вакцины и субъединичные рекомбинантные вакцины. Среди современных принципов оспопрививания доминирует безопасность (ограничение применения вакцин первого и второго поколений, разработка следующих поколений вакцин, средств и схем безопасного оспопрививания) при сохранении требований эффективности, равной апробированным вакцинам. Замена эпидемически апробированных вакцин препаратами третьего и четвертого поколений обусловила необходимость сравнительной оценки защитной эффективности и безопасности разрабатываемых вакцин. Целесообразно проведение двухэтапного оспопрививания с использованием на первом этапе инактивированных или новых безопасных нереплицирующихся вакцин третьего или четвертого поколений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>There are several possible reasons for the return of smallpox as an endemic disease. For example, the possibility of maintaining smallpox virus in an active state in the corpses of the dead, buried in permafrost regions, or the evolutionary changes of orthopoxviruses with the appearance of more virulent strains. Since the eradication of smallpox, the requirements for smallpox vaccines have changed, leading to a change in the principles of smallpox vaccination. The purpose of the study is to review the evolution of means and principles of smallpox vaccination. For almost 200 years four generations of vaccine preparations have been developed. The first ones were the dermovaccines, i.e. the virus-containing detritus of calfskin. Then, chicken-embryo-skin cell cultures were used as a substrate for virus accumulation. The third generation were the vaccines based on vaccine strains at-tenuated by various methods. Fourth, DNA vaccines and subunit recombinant vaccines. One of the main contemporary principles of smallpox vaccination is safety (limited use of the vaccines of first and second generations, the development of next generations of vaccines, means and schemes of safe vaccination) while maintaining the requirements of efficiency equal to the existing vaccines. The replacement of epidemiologically tested vaccines with the third and fourth- generation drugs necessitated a comparative assessment of the protective efficacy and safety of new vaccines. It may be useful to carry out two-stage vaccination using inactivated or new safe nonreplicating the third and fourth generation vaccines at the first stage.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аттенуированные и рекомбинантные штаммы</kwd><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>вирус вакцины</kwd><kwd>ортопоксвирусы</kwd><kwd>оспенная вакцина</kwd><kwd>оспопрививание</kwd><kwd>противооспенная иммунизация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>attenuated and recombinant strains</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>vaccinia virus</kwd><kwd>orthopoxviruses</kwd><kwd>smallpox vaccine</kwd><kwd>smallpox immunization</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Львов Д.К., Зверев В.В., Гинзбург А.Л. и др. Натуральная оспа – дремлющий вулкан // Вопр. вирусол. 2008. № 4. С. 36–41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">L'vov D.K., Zverev V.V., Ginzburg A.L. et al. 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