References

nbsprot

Вестник войск РХБ защиты

Journal of NBC Protection Corps

2587-57283034-2791

27 Научный центр

10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-1-32-65

wlahac

nbsprot-98

Research Article

Биологическая безопасность и защита от биологических угроз

Biological Security and Protection against Biological Threats

Новый коронавирус SARSCoV-2 в аспекте глобальной эпидемиологии коронавирусных инфекций

Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in the context of global epidemiology of coronavirus infections

Супотницкий

М. В.

Supotnitskiy

M. V.

Супотницкий Михаил Васильевич. Главный специалист, канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр.

г. Москва, Бригадирский переулок, д. 13

Mikhail Vasilyevich Supotnitskiy. Senior Researcher. Chief Specialist. Candidate of Biological Sciences.

Brigadirskii Lane 13, Moscow 105005

27nc_1@mil.ru

Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «27 Научный центр» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации (27 НЦ МО РФ)РоссияFederal State Budgetary Establishment «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian FederationRussian Federation

2020

12062020

413265

2020

Супотницкий М.В.

Supotnitskiy M.V.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/98

Новый коронавирус SARSCoV-2 в аспекте глобальной эпидемиологии коронавирусных инфекций Кажущееся неожиданным появление в КНР и затем глобальное распространение SARSCoV-2 заставляет задуматься о коронавирусной угрозе, исходящей из природных очагов, на территории нашей страны. Цель работы – рассмотреть SARS-CoV-2 в аспекте глобальной эпидемиологии коронавирусных инфекций. При подготовке статьи в основном использовались данные китайских ученых, опубликованные в англоязычных научных журналах. Их анализ показал широкое распространение вирусов данного таксона среди летучих мышей и ежей, в том числе в природных экосистемах Европы. До настоящего времени промежуточный между летучими мышами и человеком вид-хозяин SARS-CoV-2 и промежуточный вид коронавируса – прямой предшественник SARS-CoV-2, не обнаружены. Основная часть генома коронавирусов консервативна, однако он легко поддается генетическим рекомбинациям в естественных условиях, так что вирус может быть перенацелен как в естественных, так и в искусственных условиях с диких животных на человека путем изменения структуры белка S1. Патогенез коронавирусных инфекций у человека, вызывающих тяжелый острый респираторный синдром (SARS), складывается из этапов специфического узнавания вирусом рецепторов на клетках-мишенях в нижних отделах легких, проникновения в клетку-мишень, размножения, генерирования сначала цитокинового шторма, разрушающего нижние отделы легких, затем – феномена антитело-зависимого усиления инфекции, приводящего к изменению тропности вируса и его генерализации в организме человека. Вирулентность для человека у SARS-CoV-2 значительно ниже, чем у коронавирусов, вызвавших SARS в 2002–2003 гг. в Китае и ближневосточный респираторный синдром на Ближнем Востоке в 2012 г. Однако благодаря более высокой устойчивости при проникновении в эндосомы клетки и эффективной работе репликационно-транскрипционного комплекса, обеспечивается его размножение до количеств, позволяющих ему передаваться от больных людей здоровым. Разные этнические группы могут иметь разную чувствительность к SARS-CoV-2 и отличия в клинической симптоматике, что связано с количеством рецепторов ACE2 на поверхности пневмоцитов II типа, энтероцитов кишечника и сосудистого эндотелия других органов. В статье также приведены клинические наблюдения, сделанные китайскими исследователями во время вспышки коронавирусной инфекции, вызванной SARS-CoV-2. Ими высказано мнение, что эффективная и своевременная диагностика COVID-19 возможна при сочетании молекулярно-диагностических методов обнаружения SARS-CoV-2 с обнаружением характерных пневмонических очагов компьютерной томографией. Несмотря на все трудности борьбы с новой пандемией, она стала той встряской, которая сделала Россию более сильной в противоэпидемическом отношении.

The seemingly unexpected appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in China and its subsequent rapid spread throughout the world make us think seriously about the coronavirus threat emanating from natural foci in the territory of our country. The aim of this work is to study SARS-CoV-2 in the context of real global epidemiology of coronavirus infections. The data of Chinese scientists, published in Englishlanguage scientific journals, has been used during the preparation of the article. Their analysis showed the vast spread of viruses of this taxon among bats and hedgehogs in the natural ecosystems of Europe as well. To date the host of SARS-CoV-2 virus, intermediate between bats and humans, as well as the intermediate coronavirus, the direct predecessor of SARS-CoV-2, have not been detected. The bulk of the coronavirus genome is conservative, but it appears to be extremely prone to genetic recombination in vivo, so the virus can be redirected both in natural and artificial conditions from wild animals to humans by changing the structure of the S1 protein. The pathogenesis of coronavirus infections in humans that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), include the specific recognition of receptors on target cells in the lower parts of human lungs, the penetration of the virus into the target cells, viral replication, generation of cytokine responses, that destroy the lower parts of the lungs, and the appearance of the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement of the infection, that results in generalized spread of the virus. The virulence of SARS-CoV-2 for humans is significantly lower than that of the coronaviruses that caused SARS in 2002–2003 in China and the Middle East respiratory syndrome in the Middle East in 2012. However, due to the higher stability of the virus when penetrating the endosomes of the cell and the effectiveness of the replication/transcription complex, the virus replicates to large enough numbers to transmit easily from ill people to healthy. Different ethnic groups have different sensitivity to SARS-CoV-2 because of the different amounts of ACE2 receptors on the surface of type II pneumocytes. The article also sketches certain clinical observations made by Chinese researchers during an outbreak of coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. The author states, that effective and timely diagnosis of COVID-19 is possible only by the combination of molecular diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2 and the detection of characteristic pneumonic foci by computed tomography.

альфакоронавирусатипичная пневмониябетакоронавирусдыхательные путизоонозкомпьютерная томографиякоронавирусмежвидовая передачапатогенезCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2

Alphacoronavirusatypical pneumoniaBetacoronavirusrespiratory tractzoonosescomputer tomographycoronavirusinterspecies transmissionpathogenesisCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.