nbsprotВестник войск РХБ защитыJournal of NBC Protection Corps2587-57283034-279127 Научный центр10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-2-173-198cgahgunbsprot-87Research ArticleИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АРХИВHISTORICAL ARCHIVEРазработка и испытания на людях боевых отравляющих веществ и средств лечения поражений в Германии в 1933-1945 годахDevelopment and Human Testing of Chemical Warfare Agents and Means of Treatment of Lesions in Germany in 1933–1945ШилоН. И.ShiloN. I.

Шило Наталья Игоревна. Научный сотрудник отдела

105005, Москва, Бригадирский пер., д. 13.

Natalya Igorevna Shilo. Researcher of the Centre.

Brigadirskii Lane 13, Moscow 105005

27nc_1@mil.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «27 Научный центр» Министерства обороны Российской ФедерацииРоссияFederal State Budgetary Establishment «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation.Russian Federation20210706202352173198Copyright © Шило Н.И., 20232023Шило Н.И.Shilo N.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/87

Несмотря на внимание к проблемам военных преступлений и преступлений против человечности, которые в беспрецедентных масштабах совершались в нацистских концентрационных лагерях, тема медицинских экспериментов на заключенных в современной отечественной историографии представляется одной из наименее изученных. Тем более не уделялось специального внимания испытаниям на людях химического оружия. Цель работы – рассмотреть историю разработки и испытаний на людях боевых отравляющих веществ (БОВ) в Германии в 1933–1945 гг. В годы Первой мировой войны Германия была одной из ведущих стран мира в области военно-химического дела. В результате версальских ограничений этот потенциал был в значительной степени утрачен. После прихода к власти Национал-социалистической немецкой рабочей партии (НСДАП) Германия не только восстановила, но и нарастила военную мощь, достигнув в области химического оружия над своими противниками качественного превосходства. Испытания БОВ, а также исследование эффективности средств и протоколов лечения вызванных ими поражений, проводили как военные структуры Вермахта и СС, так и гражданские научно-исследовательские и академические институты. Эксперименты на заключенных осуществлялись в концентрационных лагерях Дахау, Равенсбрюк, Аушвиц-Биркенау, Бухенвальд, Заксенхаузен, Нацвайлер-Штрутгоф, Нойенгамме и др. В основном исследовалось поражающее действие сернистого иприта и фосгена. В Аушвице-Биркенау «производилось изучение действия разных химических препаратов по заказам немецких фирм». Врачи из СС, ставившие недобровольные опыты на людях, после войны были осуждены военными трибуналами за военные преступления и преступления против человечности. Семь врачей были приговорены к смертной казни через повешение, приговор приведен в исполнение 2 июня 1948 г. в тюрьме для военных преступников в Ландсберге (Бавария). По итогам процесса 1947 г. был составлен Нюрнбергский кодекс – первый международный документ, вводивший этические нормы для ученых, занимающихся экспериментами на людях. Он включал в себя 10 принципов, главный из которых сводился к тому, что для проведения эксперимента на человеке необходимо его добровольное осознанное согласие после предоставления ему полной информации о характере, продолжительности и цели проводимого эксперимента; о методах и способах его проведения; обо всех предполагаемых неудобствах и опасностях, связанных с проведением эксперимента, и, наконец, возможных последствиях для физического или психического здоровья испытуемого, могущих возникнуть в результате его участия в эксперименте.

Despite serious attention to the issues of war crimes and crimes against humanity, committed on an unprecedented scale in concentration camps in Nazi Germany, the problem of medical experiments on prisoners appears to be one of the least-studied in modern Russian historiography. Moreover, no special attention was paid to testing chemical weapons on humans. The aim of this work is to review the history of the development and testing of chemical warfare agents (CWA) in Germany in 1933–1945. During the First World War, Germany was one of the leading countries in the sphere of military chemistry in the world. After the Versailles treaty this potential was largely lost as a result of the restrictions. After the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) came to power, Germany not only restored, but also increased its military power and achieved a qualitative superiority over its opponents in the field of chemical weapons. The tests of CWA, as well as the study of the effectiveness of the means and protocols for the treatment of the lesions caused by CWA, were carried out both by the military structures of the Wehrmacht and the SS, and by civilian research and academic institutions. Experiments on prisoners were carried out in the concentration camps of Dachau, Ravensbrück, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, etc. Basically, the damaging effects of sulfur mustard and phosgene was investigated. In Auschwitz-Birkenau «a study of the action of various chemical preparations was carried out on the orders of German firms». After the war several SS doctors, who performed involuntary experiments on humans, were convicted by military tribunals for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Seven doctors were sentenced to death and executed on June 2, 1948, at the prison for war criminals in Landsberg, Bavaria. As a result of the Nuremberg trials, the Nuremberg Code was drawn up. It was the first international document that introduced ethical standards for scientists engaged in experiments on humans. It consisted of 10 principles, including the necessity of voluntary informed consent of the patient for the participation in medical experiments after providing him with full information about the nature, duration and purpose of the experiment; on the methods of its implementation; about all the perceived inconveniences and dangers associated with the experiment, and, finally, the possible consequences for the physical or mental health of the subject, which may arise as a result of his participation in the experiment.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.