nbsprotВестник войск РХБ защитыJournal of NBC Protection Corps2587-57283034-279127 Научный центр10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-1-22-41vtssdnnbsprot-52Research ArticleХИМИЧЕСКАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ И ЗАЩИТА ОТ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО ТЕРРОРИЗМАCHEMICAL SECURITY AND PROTECTION AGAINST CHEMICAL TERRORISMФерменты и их формы, используемые для обнаружения фосфорорганических соединенийEnzymes and Their Forms Used in Detection of Organophosphorus CompoundsЛягинИ. В.LyaginI. V.

Лягин Илья Владимирович. Старший научный сотрудник кафедры химической энзимологии, канд. хим. наук.

119991, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1, стр. 3 

Ilya Vladimirovich Lyagin. Senior Researcher of Chemical Enzymology Department, Candidate of Chemical Sciences.

Lenin Hills, 1/3 Moscow, 119991 

elena_efremenko@list.ruЕфременкоЕ. Н.EfremenkoE. N.

Ефременко Елена Николаевна. Заведующая лабораторией экобиокатализа кафедры химической энзимологии, д-р биол. наук, профессор.

119991, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1, стр. 3 

Elena Nikolaevna Efremenko. Head of Laboratory of Ecobiocatalysts of Chemical Enzymology Department, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor.

Lenin Hills, 1/3 Moscow, 119991 

elena_efremenko@list.ruМосковский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова, Химический факультетРоссияLomonosov Moscow State University, Сhemistry FacultyRussian Federation202108062021512241Copyright © Лягин И.В., Ефременко Е.Н., 20212021Лягин И.В., Ефременко Е.Н.Lyagin I.V., Efremenko E.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/52

Ферменты способны эффективно взаимодействовать с различными фосфорорганическими соединениями (ФОС), вступая с ними в (био)химические реакции. Изменение исходной активности ферментов в результате их ингибирования ФОС, образование продуктов деструкции ФОС под действием гидролитических ферментов и пр. могут быть определены с использованием разных физико-химических методов и использованы в биоаналитических системах для определения концентраций ФОС. Цель обзора – анализ основных научных результатов, достигнутых за последние 10 лет в развитии аналитических систем на основе ферментов, статья предназначена для разработчиков детекторов ФОС. Показано, что требования к чувствительности биосенсоров исходят из норм содержания анализируемых веществ, детектируемых в/на объектах, подлежащих обязательному контролю. Основой для разработки наибольшего числа ультрачувствительных биосенсоров являются холинэстеразы, хотя и другие ферменты также могут успешно использоваться в роли биочувствительного элемента. Наиболее технологичным решением, приближенным к практическому внедрению, можно считать биоаналитические системы, использующие иммобилизованные ферменты. Улучшение пределов обнаружения ФОС может быть достигнуто за счет использования нанообъектов вкупе с современными методами регистрации сигнала, например, с наномеханическими детекторами и преобразователями сигнала. Это сочетание технических решений обеспечивает чувствительность анализа ФОС вплоть до пг/л. Существенное развитие в настоящее время получили «безреагентные» системы, ставшие основой для производства большого числа коммерчески доступных «стрипов» (тест-полосок) для экспрессного определения ФОС. Современные запросы стимулируют бурное развитие портативных и особенно «мобильных, портативных» биосенсоров, способных закрепляться, в том числе, на одежде. Прогресс, достигнутый в области создания аффинных аминокислотных последовательностей, в перспективе позволит создавать ферментные биосенсоры на любой поверхности.

Еnzymes are able to effectively interact with various organophosphorus compounds (OPC), entering into (bio)chemical reactions with them. Changes in the initial activity of enzymes as a result of their inhibition by OPC, the formation of OPC degradation products under the action of hydrolytic enzymes, etc. can be determined using different physical and chemical methods and used in bioanalytic systems to determine the concentrations of OPC. The purpose of the review is to analyze the main scientific results achieved over the past 10 years in the development of analytical systems based on enzymes intended for the determination of OPC. It is shown in the article, that the requirements for the sensitivity of biosensors are based on the norms of the content of the analyzed substances detected in/at the objects of mandatory control. The cholinesterases compose a basis for the development of the largest number of ultra-sensitive biosensors, although other enzymes can be successfully used as a biosensitive element. The most technologically advanced solution that is close to the practical implementation seems to be bioanalytical systems using immobilized enzymes. Improving the detection limits of the OPC can be achieved by using nanoobjects together with modern methods of signal transducers, for example, with nanomechanical detectors and signal converters. This combination of technical solutions ensures the sensitivity of the OPC analysis up to pg/l. At present, «reagentless» systems have received significant development, which have become the basis for the production of a large number of commercially available strips for the express determination of OPC. Modern demands stimulate the rapid development of portable and, especially, wearable biosensors that can be attached to various surfaces, including a clothing. The progress in the development of affine amino acid sequences, in the future, will allow the creation of enzyme biosensors on any surface.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.