nbsprotВестник войск РХБ защитыJournal of NBC Protection Corps2587-57283034-279127 Научный центр10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-2-152-177gukxjonbsprot-5Research ArticleБиологическая безопасность и защита от биологических угрозBiological Security and Protection against Biological ThreatsОспа обезьян как малоизученная биологическая угроза для РоссииMonkeypox: A Little-Studied Biological Threat to RussiaСупотницкийМ. В.SupotnitskiyM. V.

Супотницкий Михаил Васильевич. Главный специалист, канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр.

111024, г. Москва, проезд Энтузиастов, д. 19

Mikhail Vasilyevich Supotnitskiy. Senior Researcher. Chief Specialist. Candidate of Biological Sciences.

Entuziastov passage, 19, Moscow, 111024

27nc_1@mil.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «27 Научный центр» Министерства обороны Российской ФедерацииРоссияFederal State Budgetary Establishment «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian FederationRussian Federation20221804202362152177Copyright © Супотницкий М.В., 20232023Супотницкий М.В.Supotnitskiy M.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/5

Оспа обезьян – природно­очаговый зооноз грызунов и обезьян, обитающих в долине реки Конго (клада CB) и в Западной Африке (клада WA). Интерес к оспе обезьян вызван ее пандемическим распространением, начавшимся в мае 2022 г. Цель работы – рассмотреть опасность оспы обезьян на фоне недостаточности знаний о ее природе, а также существующих достижений в лечении и профилактике этого заболевания. Для сбора информации использовались, главным образом, англоязычные источники, доступные через базы данных PubMed и Google Scholar. Исследование проводилось по следующим направлениям: эпидемиология вспышек оспы обезьян до мая 2022 г.; таксономия и происхождение вируса оспы обезьян (ВОО); морфология и жизненный цикл поксвирусов; экология и эпидемиология ВОО; клиническая картина оспы обезьян у человека при естественном инфицировании; клиника оспы обезьян у европейских гомосексуалистов; клиническая картина и патоморфология оспы обезьян у животных при искусственном инфицировании; иммунопрофилактика и терапия оспы обезьян. Установлено, что заносы ВОО в неэндемичные страны до мая 2022 г. ограничивались единичными случаями болезни. На этом фоне пандемия оспы обезьян, начавшаяся в мае 2022 г., выглядит нетипичной. Вызвавший ее малоконтагиозный ВОО (WA) до 2017 г. в Нигерии не встречался. Его распространение за пределами Африки облегчилось новым механизмом заражения – через организованные гомосексуальные контакты. Поэтому оспу обезьян уже не следует считать редким заболеванием, географически ограниченным африканскими странами. Так как она распространяется в новой клинической форме ректальной, имеющей характерную симптоматику, ее необходимо выделить в Международной классификации болезней (МКБ­11) в рубрике «1B2Y Другие уточненные инфекции, передающиеся половым путем». Необходимо учитывать и эпидемическую опасность других поксвирусов, получивших возможность проникать в популяции людей через их иммунодефицитные составляющие, в развитых странах достигающих 20 % общей численности населения. В настоящее время нет ни вакцин, ни лекарственных средств, чья эффективность и безопасность были бы подтверждены в эпидемических очагах ВОО с иммунодефицитным населением. Серьезные усилия должны быть направлены на выявление фактов искусственного распространения оспы обезьян, возможных зоонозных хозяев ВОО в России; механизмов поддержания ВОО в экосистемах; генетических факторов хозяина, определяющих тяжесть болезни у человека и ее исход.

Monkeypox is a natural focal zoonosis of rodents and monkeys living in the Congo Valley (clade CB) and West Africa (clade WA). The special interest in monkeypox is due to its pandemic spread, which began in May 2022. The aim of this article is to consider the danger of monkeypox due to the lack of knowledge about its nature, as well as existing achievements in the treatment and prevention of this disease. The information was collected mainly from English­language sources available through the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The study was conducted in the following areas: the epidemiology of monkeypox outbreaks until May 2022; taxonomy and origin of monkeypox virus (MPV); morphology and life cycle of poxviruses; ecology and epidemiology of MPV; the clinical picture of monkeypox in humans with natural infection; monkeypox clinic in European homosexuals; clinical picture and pathomorphology of monkeypox in animals with artificial infection; immunoprophylaxis and therapy of monkeypox. It has been established that until May 2022 the appearance of MPV into non­endemic countries was limited to single cases of the disease. Because of that, the monkeypox pandemic that began in May 2022 looks atypical. The low­contagious MPV (WA) that caused it did not occur in Nigeria until 2017. Its spread was facilitated by a new mechanism of infection through organized homosexual contacts. Therefore, monkeypox should no longer be considered a rare disease geographically limited to the countries of West and Central Africa. It is also necessary to take into account the possibility of activating the natural reservoirs of other poxviruses, as well as the realization of their epidemic potential through immunodeficient human populations, which reach 20% of the total population in the developed countries. At present, there are no vaccines or drugs whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in epidemic foci of MPV with immunodeficient populations. Serious efforts should be made to identify man­made outbreaks of monkeypox; to the identification of possible zoonotic hosts of MPV in Russia; factors that support MPV in ecosystems; host factors that determine the severity of the disease, as well as facilitating animal­to­human and human­to­human transmission.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.