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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nbsprot</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник войск РХБ защиты</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of NBC Protection Corps</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5728</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-2791</issn><publisher><publisher-name>27 Научный центр</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35825/2587-5728-2026-10-2-179-209</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">WXURSY</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nbsprot-454</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВООРУЖЕНИЯ И СРЕДСТВА ВОЙСК РХБ ЗАЩИТЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>WEAPONS AND MEANS OF NBC PROTECTION TROOP</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Концепция детектора биологических аэрозолей для систем войсковой биологической разведки на основе молекулярного переключателя проводимости ДНК</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A DNA conductivity molecular switch-based biological aerosol detector concept for military biological reconnaissance Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3193-1032</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Супотницкий</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Supotnitskiy</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Супотницкий Михаил Васильевич, Главный специалист Центра, канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр.,</p><p>111024, г. Москва, проезд Энтузиастов, д. 19. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail V. Supotnitskiy, Chief Specialist. Cand. Sci. (Biol.). Senior Researcher,</p><p>Entuziastov Passage, 19, Moscow 111024.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">27nc_l@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «27 Научный центр имени академика Н.Д. Зелинского» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>27 Scientific Centre Named after Academician N.D. Zelinsky of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>179</fpage><lpage>209</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Супотницкий М.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Супотницкий М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Supotnitskiy M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/454">https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/454</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Основные моменты</title><p>Основные моменты</p><p>- Предложена концепция детектора биологических аэрозолей на основе молекулярного переключателя проводимости ДНК, обеспечивающего видовую идентификацию бактериальных и вирусных агентов за ≤1 мин без лабораторного подтверждения, с чувствительностью до одной молекулы нуклеиновой кислоты.</p><p>- Обоснована конструкция сухого MEMS-импактора с аэродинамической фокусировкой (диаметр сопла 0,3 мм, расход 2–3 л/мин), обеспечивающая доставку частиц к сенсору за &lt;10 с и эффективность сбора &gt;80 % для частиц размером 1–10 мкм.</p><p>- Обоснована трехуровневая тактическая архитектура роевой биологической разведки на базе БПЛА VTOL (LIF-триггер → ИИ-аналитика → ДНК-сенсор) с использованием Edge AI для фильтрации ложных срабатываний, защищенных радиоканалов (LoRa, 5G NR-U) и спутниковой навигации (GPS/ГЛОНАСС).</p><p>- Показано, что ключевые технические решения (включая конструкцию импактора, архитектуру БПЛА и способы пробоотбора) защищены не менее чем 6 российскими патентами, что подтверждает технологическую реализуемость концепции.</p><p>- Предлагаемый подход обеспечивает переход от неспецифической индикации к прямой электрохимической идентификации нуклеиновых кислот патогенов, устраняя главный недостаток существующих систем ВБР невозможность подтверждения вида агента без лабораторного анализа.</p></sec><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Существующие приборы войсковой биологической разведки (семейство АСП, детекторы на основе УФ-лазерно-индуцированной флуоресценции) и лабораторные методы (ПЦР, ИФА) не обеспечивают видовой идентификации биологических поражающих агентов (БПА) в реальном времени, достаточном для одевания средств индивидуальной защиты. Технологический предел в разработке таких средств уже достигнут.</p><p>Цель исследования разработать концепцию детектора биологических аэрозолей для систем войсковой биологической разведки на основе молекулярного переключателя проводимости ДНК, с возможностью интеграции в беспилотные летательные аппараты, машины РХБ-разведки и автоматизированные системы управления войсками.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Системный анализ научно-технической и патентной информации (2020–2026 гг.) с использованием баз IEEE Xplore, Nature Communications, Physics Letters A, Biosensors &amp; Bioelectronics, патентных документов России, США и ВОИС. Применены методы контент-анализа, структурно-функционального синтеза и расчетные оценки параметров импактора.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Обоснован электрохимический принцип детекции биологических аэрозолей на основе молекулярного переключателя проводимости ДНК (чувствительность до одной молекулы, время отклика ≤1 мин). Предложена конструкция сухого MEMS-импактора с аэродинамической фокусировкой, обеспечивающая доставку частиц к сенсору за &lt;10 с и эффективность сбора &gt;80 % для частиц 1–10 мкм при диаметре сопла 0,3 мм. Разработана тактическая архитектура роевой биологической разведки на базе БПЛА вертикального взлета и посадки (VTOL), включающая трехуровневую схему (LIF-триггер → ИИ-аналитика → ДНК-сенсор), Edge AI, защищенные радиоканалы (LoRa, 5G NR-U) и спутниковую навигацию (GPS/ГЛОНАСС). Показано, что ключевые технические решения защищены российскими патентами.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Предлагаемая концепция преодолевает главный недостаток существующих систем РХБ-разведки неспособность к видовой идентификации биологического поражающего агента без лабораторного подтверждения, обеспечивая переход от неспецифической индикации к прямой электрохимической детекции нуклеиновых кислот с временем полного цикла ≤1 минуты.</p><p>Практическая значимость работы. Заключается в создании научно-технического задела для инициирования опытно-конструкторских работ по созданию полевых детекторов, интегрируемых в беспилотные авиационные системы, машины РХБ-разведки и стационарные посты.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Highlights</title><p>Highlights</p><p>- A concept of a biological aerosol detector based on a DNA conductivity molecular switch is proposed, enabling species specific identification of bacterial and viral agents within ≤1 min without laboratory confirmation, with single molecule sensitivity for nucleic acids.</p><p>- A dry MEMS impactor with aerodynamic focusing (nozzle diameter 0.3 mm, flow rate 2–3 L/min) is designed, providing particle delivery to the sensor in &lt;10 s and collection efficiency &gt;80 % for particles in the 1–10 μm range. A three level tactical architecture for swarm biological reconnaissance using VTOL UAVs is substantiated (LIF trigger → AI analytics → DNA sensor), incorporating Edge AI for false positive filtering, secured radio links (LoRa, 5G NR U), and satellite navigation (GPS/GLONASS).</p><p>- Key technical solutions (including impactor design, UAV architecture, and sampling methods) are protected by at least 6 Russian patents, confirming the technological feasibility of the concept.</p><p>- The proposed approach enables a transition from non specific indication to direct electrochemical identification of pathogen nucleic acids, overcoming the major drawback of existing biological reconnaissance systems the inability to confirm the agent type without laboratory analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. Existing military biological reconnaissance devices (ASP family) and laboratory methods (PCR, ELISA, UV laser induced fluorescence) do not provide species specific identification of biological warfare agents (BWA) in real time sufficient for donning personal protective equipment. The technological limit in the development of such means has already been reached.</p><p>Purpose of the study is to develop a concept of a biological aerosol detector for military biological reconnaissance systems based on a DNA conductivity molecular switch, with the ability to integrate into unmanned aerial vehicles, CBRN reconnaissance vehicles, and automated command and control systems.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A systematic analysis of scientific, technical and patent information (2020–2026) was performed using the IEEE Xplore, Nature Communications, Physics Letters A, Biosensors &amp; Bioelectronics databases, as well as patent documents from Russia, the USA and WIPO. Content analysis, structural functional synthesis and calculation based estimates of impactor parameters were applied.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. An electrochemical detection principle for biological aerosols based on a DNA conductivity molecular switch has been validated, providing single molecule sensitivity and a response time of ≤1 minute. A dry MEMS impactor with aerodynamic focusing is proposed, providing particle delivery to the sensor in &lt;10 s and collection efficiency &gt;80 % for particles 1 10 μm at a nozzle diameter of 0.3 mm. A tactical architecture for swarm based biological reconnaissance using VTOL UAVs has been developed, including a three level scheme (LIF trigger → AI analytics → DNA sensor), Edge AI, secure radio links (LoRa, 5G NR U) and satellite navigation (GPS/GLONASS). Key technical solutions are shown to be protected by Russian patents.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The proposed concept overcomes the main drawback of existing CBRN reconnaissance systems inability to identify the biological agent without laboratory confirmation ensuring a transition from non specific indication to direct electrochemical detection of nucleic acids with a total cycle time ≤1 minute.</p><p>Practical significance of the work. Lies in creating a scientific and technical groundwork for initiating research and development (R&amp;D) on field deployable detectors integrated into unmanned aerial systems, CBRN reconnaissance vehicles, and stationary posts.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аэродинамическая фокусировка</kwd><kwd>биологический аэрозоль</kwd><kwd>биологическая разведка</kwd><kwd>БПЛА</kwd><kwd>ДНК-сенсор</kwd><kwd>молекулярный переключатель проводимости</kwd><kwd>патентный анализ</kwd><kwd>РХБ-разведка</kwd><kwd>MEMS-импактор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aerodynamic focusing</kwd><kwd>biological reconnaissance</kwd><kwd>UAV</kwd><kwd>DNA sensor</kwd><kwd>MEMS-impactor</kwd><kwd>molecular conductance switch</kwd><kwd>patent analysis</kwd><kwd>CBRN-reconnaissance</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тытюк С, Сизиков С, Ригованов Г, Юдаков Е. 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