<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nbsprot</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник войск РХБ защиты</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of NBC Protection Corps</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5728</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-2791</issn><publisher><publisher-name>27 Научный центр</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35825/2587-5728-2023-8-2-135-145</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nbsprot-356</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Биологическая безопасность и защита от биологических угроз</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Biological Security and Protection against Biological Threats</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эпидемиология оспы лошадей. Новые аспекты</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology of Horsepox. The New Aspects</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7985-5516</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стовба</surname><given-names>Л. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stovba</surname><given-names>L. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Стовба Людмила Федоровна. Старший научный сотрудник, канд. биол. наук</p><p>141306, Московская область, Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д. 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyudmila F. Stovba. Senior Researcher of the Department. Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>Oktyabrskaya Street, 11, Sergiev Posad 141306</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9714-2085</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петров Александр Анатольевич. Начальник управления, д-р мед. наук</p><p>141306, Московская область, Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д. 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr A. Petrov. Chief of the Directorate. Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Oktyabrskaya Street, 11, Sergiev Posad 141306</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельников</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мельников Сергей Алексеевич. Старший научный сотрудник, канд. биол. наук</p><p>141306, Московская область, Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д. 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey A. Melnikov. Senior Researcher of the Department. Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>Oktyabrskaya Street, 11, Sergiev Posad 141306</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2603-0860</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чухраля</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chukhralia</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чухраля Олег Васильевич. Заместитель начальника научно-исследовательского отдела</p><p>141306, Московская область, Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д. 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg V. Chukhralia. Chief of the Department</p><p>Oktyabrskaya Street, 11, Sergiev Posad 141306</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1491-6293</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черникова</surname><given-names>Н. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherniкova</surname><given-names>N. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Черникова Наталья Константиновна. Старший научный сотрудник, канд. биол. наук</p><p>141306, Московская область, Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д. 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya K. Chernikova. Senior Researcher of the Department. Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>Oktyabrskaya Street, 11, Sergiev Posad 141306</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-3919</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисевич</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisevich</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Борисевич Сергей Владимирович. Начальник ФГБУ «48 ЦНИИ» Минобороны России, д-р биол. наук, профессор, академик РАН</p><p>141306, Московская область, Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д. 11 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. Borisevich. Chief of the Institute. Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Academician of RAS</p><p>Oktyabrskaya Street, 11, Sergiev Posad 141306</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">48cnii@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение&#13;
«48 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>48 Central Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>135</fpage><lpage>145</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Стовба Л.Ф., Петров А.А., Мельников С.А., Чухраля О.В., Черникова Н.К., Борисевич С.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Стовба Л.Ф., Петров А.А., Мельников С.А., Чухраля О.В., Черникова Н.К., Борисевич С.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stovba L.F., Petrov A.A., Melnikov S.A., Chukhralia O.V., Cherniкova N.K., Borisevich S.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/356">https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/356</self-uri><abstract><p>В последние 10 лет интерес ученых к возбудителю оспы лошадей резко возрос в связи с получением его химерной копии и дискуссией, был ли он использован при создании ранних оспенных вакцин и опасности технологий, позволяющих восстанавливать вымершие возбудители опасных инфекций.</p><p>Цель работы – обобщение материалов по современным исследованиям вируса оспы лошадей.</p><p>Источниковая база исследования – англоязычная научная литература, доступная через сеть Интернет.</p><p>Метод исследования – анализ научных источников по оспе лошадей от общего к частному. Рассматривали ареал распространения вируса, его эпидемиологическую опасность, филогенетическое родство, данные по секвенированию генома вируса оспы лошадей и вероятность использования его при создании первых противооспенных вакцин, а также получение его химерной копии, на основе которой создана новая противооспенная вакцина – TNX-801.</p><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Вирус оспы лошадей относится к семейству поксвирусов, роду ортопоксвирусов. Классическая оспа лошадей ранее зарегистрирована только в Европе (Франция), в Монголии и в Кении. Определена полная нуклеотидная последовательность генома вируса оспы лошадей штамма MNR-76, выделенного в Монголии. Помимо генов, характерных для всех ортопоксвирусов, он включает интактные гены, специфические только для этого вируса, гомологи которых фрагментированы в геноме других ортопоксвирусов. На основе консервативной центральной области генома и части более вариабельных терминальных областей выполнен филогенетический анализ ряда ортопоксвирусов и построено филогенетическое древо. Полученные данные свидетельствуют, что вирус оспы лошадей теснее всего связан со штаммами вируса вакцины и вируса оспы кроликов. Хотя оспа лошадей в настоящее время считается исчезнувшей, возможно, ее возбудитель сохраняется в неизвестных резервуарах. Данные по секвенированию генома вируса оспы лошадей, штамм MNR-76 дают основание предполагать, что вирус оспы лошадей мог служить основой первых противооспенных вакцин. Методом синтетической биологии получена химерная копия вируса оспы лошадей, на основе которой создана новая противооспенная вакцина – TNX-801. На ее основе сконструирована рекомбинантная вакцина против SARS-CoV-2. Восстановление «вымерших вирусов» методами синтетической биологии привело к интенсивным дебатам о пользе и риске подобных исследований.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Нельзя исключать, что использование современных генно-инженерных технологий может привести не только к разработке эффективных вакцинных препаратов, но и к получению новых ортопоксвирусов, патогенных для человека и животных, или к реинтродукции натуральной оспы, что представляет особую опасность в условиях практического отсутствия противооспенного иммунитета у населения и международного контроля над экспериментами по синтетической биологии опасных патогенов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p> In the last 10 years, scientists' interest in the horsepox pathogen has increased sharply due to the obtaining of its chimeric copy and the discussion of whether it was used to create early smallpox vaccines and the dangers of technologies that allow the restoration of extinct pathogens of dangerous infections.</p><p>The aim of the work is to summarize the materials on modern studies of the horsepox virus.</p><p>The source base of the study is English-language scientific literature available via the Internet.</p><p>The research method is an analysis of scientific sources on horsepox from the general to the specific. We considered the area of distribution of the virus, its epidemiological danger, phylogenetic relationship, data on the sequencing of the horsepox virus genome and the likelihood of its use in the creation of the first vaccines, as well as obtaining its chimeric copy, on the basis of which a new smallpox vaccine was created – TNX-801.</p><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. The horsepox virus belongs to the poxvirus family, the orthopoxvirus genus. Classical horsepox has previously been reported only in Europe (France), Mongolia, and Kenya. The complete nucleotide sequence of the horsepox virus genome MNR-76 isolated in Mongolia has been determined. In addition to genes common to all orthopoxviruses, it includes intact genes specific only to this virus, the homologues of which are fragmented in the genome of other orthopoxviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of a number of orthopoxviruses was performed and a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the conserved central region of the genome and some of the more variable terminal regions. The data obtained indicate that horsepox virus is most closely related to vaccinia virus and rabbitpox virus strains. Although horsepox is currently considered extinct, its pathogen may persist in unknown reservoirs. The data on the sequencing of the horsepox virus genome, strain MNR-76, suggest that horsepox virus could have served as the basis for the first smallpox vaccines. A chimeric copy of the horsepox virus was obtained using synthetic biology, which was used to create a new smallpox vaccine, TNX-801. On its basis, a recombinant vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 was constructed. The restoration of "extinct viruses" using synthetic biology methods has led to intense debates about the benefits and risks of such research.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. It cannot be ruled out that the use of modern genetic engineering technologies may lead not only to the development of effective vaccines, but also to the production of new orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans and animals, or to the reintroduction of smallpox, which is especially dangerous in the context of the virtual absence of smallpox immunity in the population and international control over experiments in the synthetic biology of dangerous pathogens.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус оспы лошадей</kwd><kwd>ортопоксвирусы</kwd><kwd>оспа лошадей</kwd><kwd>противооспенная вакцина</kwd><kwd>синтетическая биология</kwd><kwd>химерная копия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chimerical virus</kwd><kwd>horsepox virus</kwd><kwd>Orthopoxviruses</kwd><kwd>recombinant vaccine</kwd><kwd>reintroduction of smallpox</kwd><kwd>scHPXV</kwd><kwd>smallpox vaccines</kwd><kwd>strain MNR-76</kwd><kwd>synthetic biology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oliveira Silva NI, de Oliveira JS, Kroon EG, de Souza Trindade G, Drumond BP. Here, There, and Everywhere: The Wide Host Range and Geogrаphic Distribution of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses. Viruses. 2021;13:43. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010043</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oliveira Silva NI, de Oliveira JS, Kroon EG, de Souza Trindade G, Drumond BP. Here, There, and Everywhere: The Wide Host Range and Geogrаphic Distribution of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses. Viruses. 2021;13:43. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010043</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galtier V. Horse-pox simulant la dourine; enzootie de variola équinedans la Haute-Loire; rapport adressé à M. le préfet de la Haute-Loire. Lyon; 1887.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galtier V. Horse-pox simulant la dourine; enzootie de variola équinedans la Haute-Loire; rapport adressé à M. le préfet de la Haute-Loire. Lyon; 1887.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delhon G, Afonso CL, ZsakL, Sandybaev NT. Genome of horsepox virus. J Virol. 2006;80:9244–58. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00945-06</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delhon G, Afonso CL, ZsakL, Sandybaev NT. Genome of horsepox virus. J Virol. 2006;80:9244–58. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00945-06</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esparza J. Has horsepox become extinct? Vet Rec. 2013;173:272–3. https://doi.org/10/1136/vr15587</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esparza J. Has horsepox become extinct? Vet Rec. 2013;173:272–3. https://doi.org/10/1136/vr15587</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamingolo JS, Nyaga PN, Gicho JN. Isolation, Cultivation and Characterization of a Poxvirus from some Horses in Kenya. Zbl Vet Med B. 1974;21:592–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.tb00534.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamingolo JS, Nyaga PN, Gicho JN. Isolation, Cultivation and Characterization of a Poxvirus from some Horses in Kenya. Zbl Vet Med B. 1974;21:592–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.tb00534.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mcinture RW. Virus popular Dermatitis of the hourse. Am J Vet Res. 1949;10:229–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mcinture RW. Virus popular Dermatitis of the hourse. Am J Vet Res. 1949;10:229–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Munz E, Dumbell KH. Horsepox. In: Infectious diseases of live stock-with special emphasis to Southern Africa. Coetzer JAW, Thompson GR, Eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom; l998. P. 631–2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Munz E, Dumbell KH. Horsepox. In: Infectious diseases of live stock-with special emphasis to Southern Africa. Coetzer JAW, Thompson GR, Eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom; l998. P. 631–2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacNeill AI. Comparative pathology of zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Pathogens.2022;11(8):892. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080892</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacNeill AI. Comparative pathology of zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Pathogens.2022;11(8):892. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080892</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thompson CH, Yager JA and Van Rensburg IB. Close relationship between equine and human molluscum contagiosum virus demonstrated by in situ hybridization. Res Vet Sci. 1998;64:157–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thompson CH, Yager JA and Van Rensburg IB. Close relationship between equine and human molluscum contagiosum virus demonstrated by in situ hybridization. Res Vet Sci. 1998;64:157–61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tulman ER, Delhon G, Afonso CL, Lu Z, Zsak L, Sandybaev NT, et al. Genome of Horsepox Virus. J Virol. 2006;80:9244–58. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00945-06</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tulman ER, Delhon G, Afonso CL, Lu Z, Zsak L, Sandybaev NT, et al. Genome of Horsepox Virus. J Virol. 2006;80:9244–58. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00945-06</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gubser C, Hue S, Kellam P, Smith GL. Poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis. J Gen Virol. 2004;85:105–17. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.19565-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gubser C, Hue S, Kellam P, Smith GL. Poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis. J Gen Virol. 2004;85:105–17. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.19565-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esparza J, Damaso CR. Searching for the origin of the smallpox vaccine. Edvard Jenner and his littleknown horsepox hypothesis. Vaccine. 2022;3(40):3–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esparza J, Damaso CR. Searching for the origin of the smallpox vaccine. Edvard Jenner and his littleknown horsepox hypothesis. Vaccine. 2022;3(40):3–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cameron AF. Horse-pox directly transmitted to man. British Med J. 1908;1292–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.2474.1293</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cameron AF. Horse-pox directly transmitted to man. British Med J. 1908;1292–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.2474.1293</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyer H, Pfeffer M, Rziha H-J. Sequence alterations within and down stream of the A-type inclusion protein genes allow of Orthopoxvirus species by polymerase chain reaction. J Gen Virol. 1994;75:1975–81. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-75-8-1975</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyer H, Pfeffer M, Rziha H-J. Sequence alterations within and down stream of the A-type inclusion protein genes allow of Orthopoxvirus species by polymerase chain reaction. J Gen Virol. 1994;75:1975–81. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-75-8-1975</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brum MCS, dos Anjos BL, Nogueira CEW, Weiblen R, Flores EF. An outbreak of orthopoxvirus-associated disease in horses in southern Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2010;22:143–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063871002200132</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brum MCS, dos Anjos BL, Nogueira CEW, Weiblen R, Flores EF. An outbreak of orthopoxvirus-associated disease in horses in southern Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2010;22:143–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063871002200132</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esparza J, Schrick L, Damaso RD, Nitsche A. Equination (inoculation of horsepox): An early alternative to vaccination (inoculation of cowpox) and the potential role of horsepox virus in the origin of the smallpox vaccine. Vaccine. 2017;35:7222–30. https://doi.org/10/1016/j.vaccine1017.11.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esparza J, Schrick L, Damaso RD, Nitsche A. Equination (inoculation of horsepox): An early alternative to vaccination (inoculation of cowpox) and the potential role of horsepox virus in the origin of the smallpox vaccine. Vaccine. 2017;35:7222–30. https://doi.org/10/1016/j.vaccine1017.11.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Damaso CR. Revisiting Jenner’s mysteries, the role of the Beaugency lymph in the evolutionary path of ancient smallpox vaccines. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:e55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30445-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Damaso CR. Revisiting Jenner’s mysteries, the role of the Beaugency lymph in the evolutionary path of ancient smallpox vaccines. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:e55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30445-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esparza J, Nitsche A, Damaso CR. Beyond the myths: novel findings for old paradigms in the history of the smallpox vaccine. PLoS Pathog. 2018;14:e1007082. https://doi.org/10.1071/journal.ppat.1007082</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esparza J, Nitsche A, Damaso CR. Beyond the myths: novel findings for old paradigms in the history of the smallpox vaccine. PLoS Pathog. 2018;14:e1007082. https://doi.org/10.1071/journal.ppat.1007082</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duggan AT, Klunk J, Porter AF, Dhody AN, Hicks R, Smith GL, et al. The origins and genomic diversity of American Civil War Era smallpox vaccine strains. Genome Biol. 2020;21(1):175. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13059-020-02079-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duggan AT, Klunk J, Porter AF, Dhody AN, Hicks R, Smith GL, et al. The origins and genomic diversity of American Civil War Era smallpox vaccine strains. Genome Biol. 2020;21(1):175. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13059-020-02079-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brinkmann A, Souza ARV, Esparza J, Nitsche A, Damaso CR. Re-assembly of nineteenth-century smallpox vaccine genomes reveals the contemporaneous use of horsepox and horsepox-related viruses in the USA. Genome Biology. 2020;21:86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02202-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brinkmann A, Souza ARV, Esparza J, Nitsche A, Damaso CR. Re-assembly of nineteenth-century smallpox vaccine genomes reveals the contemporaneous use of horsepox and horsepox-related viruses in the USA. Genome Biology. 2020;21:86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02202-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schrick L, Tausch SH, Dabrowski PW, Damaso CR, Esparza J, Nitsche A. An early American smallpox vaccine based on horsepox. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1491–2. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe170760</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schrick L, Tausch SH, Dabrowski PW, Damaso CR, Esparza J, Nitsche A. An early American smallpox vaccine based on horsepox. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1491–2. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe170760</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molteni C, Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M. Genetic ancestry and population structure of vaccinia virus. NPJ Vaccines. 2022;7(1):92. https://doi.org/19.1038/s41541-022-005199-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molteni C, Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M. Genetic ancestry and population structure of vaccinia virus. NPJ Vaccines. 2022;7(1):92. https://doi.org/19.1038/s41541-022-005199-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic a flexible trimmer for illumine sequence data. Inforrmatics. 2014;30:2114–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/биоинформатика/btu170</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic a flexible trimmer for illumine sequence data. Inforrmatics. 2014;30:2114–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/биоинформатика/btu170</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Souza ARV, Brinkmann A, Esparza J, Nitsche A, Damaso CR. Gene duplication, gene loss, and recombination events with variola virus shaped the complex evolutionary path of historical American horsepox-based smallpox vaccines. mBio. 2023;14(5):e0188723. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01887-23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Souza ARV, Brinkmann A, Esparza J, Nitsche A, Damaso CR. Gene duplication, gene loss, and recombination events with variola virus shaped the complex evolutionary path of historical American horsepox-based smallpox vaccines. mBio. 2023;14(5):e0188723. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01887-23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esparza J, Lederman S, Nitsche A, Damaso CR. Early smallpox vaccine manufacturing in the United States: introduction of the “animal vaccine” in 1870, establishment of “vaccine farms” and the beginnings of the vaccine industry. Vaccine. 2020;38(50):4773–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.037</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esparza J, Lederman S, Nitsche A, Damaso CR. Early smallpox vaccine manufacturing in the United States: introduction of the “animal vaccine” in 1870, establishment of “vaccine farms” and the beginnings of the vaccine industry. Vaccine. 2020;38(50):4773–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.037</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duggan AT, Holmes EC, Poinar HN. Response to Brinkmann et al. “Re-assembly of nineteenth-century smallpox vaccine genomes reveals the contemporaneous use of horsepox and horsepox-related viruses in the United States”. Genome Biology. 2020;21:287. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02203-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duggan AT, Holmes EC, Poinar HN. Response to Brinkmann et al. “Re-assembly of nineteenth-century smallpox vaccine genomes reveals the contemporaneous use of horsepox and horsepox-related viruses in the United States”. Genome Biology. 2020;21:287. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02203-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noyce RS, Lederman S, Evans DH. Construction of an infectious horsepox virus vaccine from chemically synthesized DNA fragments. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(1):e0188453. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188453t001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noyce RS, Lederman S, Evans DH. Construction of an infectious horsepox virus vaccine from chemically synthesized DNA fragments. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(1):e0188453. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188453t001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yao XD, Evanc DH. High-frequency genetics recombination and reactivation of orthopoxviruses from DNA fragments transfected into leporipoxvirus-infected cells. J Virol. 2003;77(13):7281–90. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.133</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yao XD, Evanc DH. High-frequency genetics recombination and reactivation of orthopoxviruses from DNA fragments transfected into leporipoxvirus-infected cells. J Virol. 2003;77(13):7281–90. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.133</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noyce RS, Westfall LW, Fogarty S, Gilbert K, Mpanju O, Stillwell H et al. Single Dose of Recombinant Chimeric Horsepox Virus (TNX-801) Vaccination Protects Macaques from Lethal Monkeypox Challenge. Viruses. 2023;15(2):356. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020356</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noyce RS, Westfall LW, Fogarty S, Gilbert K, Mpanju O, Stillwell H et al. Single Dose of Recombinant Chimeric Horsepox Virus (TNX-801) Vaccination Protects Macaques from Lethal Monkeypox Challenge. Viruses. 2023;15(2):356. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020356</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koblentz GD. A Critical Analysis of the Scientific and Commercial Rationales for the De Novo Synthesis of Horsepox Virus. mSphere. 2018;3(2):е00040–18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00074–18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koblentz GD. A Critical Analysis of the Scientific and Commercial Rationales for the De Novo Synthesis of Horsepox Virus. mSphere. 2018;3(2):е00040–18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00074–18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DiEuliis D, Berger K, Gronvall G. Biosecurity Implication for the Synthesis of Horsepox, an Orthopoxvirus. Health Security. 2017;15(6):629–37. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.20170081</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DiEuliis D, Berger K, Gronvall G. Biosecurity Implication for the Synthesis of Horsepox, an Orthopoxvirus. Health Security. 2017;15(6):629–37. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.20170081</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Awasthi M, Macaluso A, Myscofski D, Prigge J, Koide F, Noyce RS, et al. Immunogenicity and efficacy of TNX-1800, a live virus recombinant poxvirus candidate against SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in nonhuman primates. Vaccines (Basel). 2023;11(11):1682. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11111682</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Awasthi M, Macaluso A, Myscofski D, Prigge J, Koide F, Noyce RS, et al. Immunogenicity and efficacy of TNX-1800, a live virus recombinant poxvirus candidate against SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in nonhuman primates. Vaccines (Basel). 2023;11(11):1682. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11111682</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Awasthi M, Macaluso A, Goebel SJ, Luea E, Noyce RS, Nasar F, et al. Immunogenicity and tolerability of a SARS-CoV-2 TNX-1800, a live recombinant poxvirus candidate in Syrian hamsters and new Zeland white rabbits. Viruses. 2023;15(10):2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102131</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Awasthi M, Macaluso A, Goebel SJ, Luea E, Noyce RS, Nasar F, et al. Immunogenicity and tolerability of a SARS-CoV-2 TNX-1800, a live recombinant poxvirus candidate in Syrian hamsters and new Zeland white rabbits. Viruses. 2023;15(10):2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102131</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cello J, Paul AV, Wimmer E. Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science. 2002;297(5583):1016–8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072266</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cello J, Paul AV, Wimmer E. Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science. 2002;297(5583):1016–8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072266</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tumpey TM, Basler CF, Aguilar PV, Zeng H, Solorzano A, Swayne DE, et al. Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus. Science. 2005;310(5745):77–80. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1119392</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tumpey TM, Basler CF, Aguilar PV, Zeng H, Solorzano A, Swayne DE, et al. Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus. Science. 2005;310(5745):77–80. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1119392</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker MM, Graham RL, Donaldson EF, Rockx B, Sims AC, Sheahan T, et al. Synthetic recombinant bat SARS-like coronavirus is infectious in cultured cells and in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(50):19944–9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808116105</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker MM, Graham RL, Donaldson EF, Rockx B, Sims AC, Sheahan T, et al. Synthetic recombinant bat SARS-like coronavirus is infectious in cultured cells and in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(50):19944–9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808116105</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beitzel BF, Radoshitzky SR, Di Paola N, Brannan JM, Kimmel D, Caviness K, et al. On-Demand PatientSpecific Phenotype-to-Genotype Ebola Virus Characterization. Viruses. 2021;13(10):2010. https://doi.org/10.3390/v3102010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beitzel BF, Radoshitzky SR, Di Paola N, Brannan JM, Kimmel D, Caviness K, et al. On-Demand PatientSpecific Phenotype-to-Genotype Ebola Virus Characterization. Viruses. 2021;13(10):2010. https://doi.org/10.3390/v3102010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
