<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nbsprot</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник войск РХБ защиты</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of NBC Protection Corps</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5728</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-2791</issn><publisher><publisher-name>27 Научный центр</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-4-308-318</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nbsprot-329</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОБЛЕМЫ СОБЛЮДЕНИЯ КОНВЕНЦИЙ ПО ЗАПРЕЩЕНИЮ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО И БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОРУЖИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISSUES OF COMPLIANCE WITH CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONVENTIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Научно-технические достижения как актуальные вызовы режиму нераспространения биологического оружия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technological Advances as Current Challenges  to the Biological Weapons Non-Proliferation Regime</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поклонский</surname><given-names>Д. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poklonskii</surname><given-names>D. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Поклонский Дмитрий Леонидович - начальник Центра, д-р техн. наук, профессор</p><p>111024, г. Москва, проезд Энтузиастов, д. 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitrii L. Poklonskii - Head of the Center. Dr Sci. (Techn.), Professor</p><p>111024 Moscow, Entuziastov Passage, 19</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">48cnii_expert-1@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский центр (экспертный, химических и биологических угроз) федерального&#13;
государственного бюджетного учреждения «48 Центральный научно-исследовательский&#13;
институт» Министерства обороны</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Research Center (Expert, Chemical and Biological THreats) of Federal State Budgetary Institution &#13;
«48 Central Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>308</fpage><lpage>318</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Поклонский Д.Л., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Поклонский Д.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Poklonskii D.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/329">https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/329</self-uri><abstract><p>За последнее десятилетие достижения в области биологических наук и биотехнологии привели к появлению новых знаний и возможностей, которые бросают вызов существующим представлениям о биологических угрозах и биологическом оружии (БО). Цель исследования – оценить научные, инженерные и информационные решения, представляющие потенциальные угрозы режиму нераспространения биологического оружия и способные снизить барьеры для его разработки, производства и применения. Материалы и метод исследования. В работе были использованы источники, доступные через базы данных PubMed, Google Scholar и Российской электронной библиотеки. Метод анализа – описательный. Результаты. Возросший объем научных знаний в области биотехнологии служит стимулом для экспериментов с БО, в особенности для негосударственных субъектов, таких как террористические организации и экстремистские группы. Преобразующие изменения происходят в областях, напрямую не связанных с микробиологией, при этом потенциал их злонамеренного использования вызывает не меньшую озабоченность, чем разработка, производство и накопление БО. Прослеживается трансформация понятия «биологической угрозы», оно становится более комплексным, включая элементы из других областей, не связанных с биотехнологией и традиционным пониманием БО. К числу подобных технологий, имеющих непосредственное отношение к проблематике КБТО, помимо биотехнологии и синтетической биологии, могут быть отнесены: аддитивное производство, основанное на технологиях 3D-печати; анализ больших данных (Big Data) и технологии искусственного интеллекта; нанотехнологии и материаловедение, а также автоматизация биологических исследований и робототехника. Выводы. Многие возникающие технологии двойного назначения стали объектом пристального внимания научного сообщества и международных экспертов, но это не всегда способствует точному и сбалансированному пониманию их потенциала в контексте проблем КБТО. Конвергенция новых и возникающих дисциплин создает новые области научного знания, затрагивающие проблему нераспространения БО, что требует от экспертного сообщества сбалансированной оценки с точки зрения как возможности их двойного применения, так и риска чрезмерного запрещения и негативного влияния на дальнейший научно-технический прогресс.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The recent advances in biological sciences and biotechnology have resulted in new knowledge and capabilities that  challenge existing understandings of biological threats and biological weapons (BW). The purpose of the article is to  evaluate scientific and engineering decisions that pose potential challenges to the biological weapons non-proliferation  regime and can reduce barriers to their development, production and use. Materials and methods. The scientific articles  available through the PubMed, Google Scholar and Russian Electronic Library databases were used in the research.  The method of analysis is the description. The results of the research. The success of biotechnology provides impetus for  experimentation with biological weapons, particularly by non-state actors such as terrorist organizations and extremist  groups. Transformative changes are occurring in areas not directly related to microbiology. However, the potential for  their malicious use is no less of a concern than the development, production and stockpiling of biological weapons.  The transformation of the concept of «biological threat» is traced. It becomes more complex and includes elements  from other fields outside of biotechnology and the traditional understanding of biological weapons. In addition to  biotechnology and synthetic biology, such technologies that are directly related to the BTWC issue, may include:  additive manufacturing based on 3D printing technologies; big data analysis and artificial intelligence technologies;  nanotechnology and materials science, as well as biological research automation and robotics. Conclusion. Many dual-use technologies have received close attention from the scientific community and international experts, but this does  not always contribute to an accurate and balanced understanding of their potential in the context of BTWC issues. The  convergence of new and emerging disciplines is creating new areas of scientific knowledge that address the problem of  non-proliferation of biological weapons, which requires the expert community to make a balanced assessment from  the point of view of both dual use and the risk of excessive prohibition and negative impact on further scientific and  technological progress.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>анализ больших данных</kwd><kwd>биологическое оружие</kwd><kwd>генный синтез</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>КБТО</kwd><kwd>нанотехнология</kwd><kwd>Протокол к КБТО</kwd><kwd>синтетическая биология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>big data analysis</kwd><kwd>biological weapons</kwd><kwd>gene synthesis</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>BTWC</kwd><kwd>nanotechnology</kwd><kwd>Protocol to the BTWC</kwd><kwd>synthetic biology</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский центр (экспертный, химических и биологических угроз) федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «48 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Scientific Research Center (expert, chemical and biological  threats) of Federal State Budgetary Institution «48 Central Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence of the  Russian Federation</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berger KM, Casagrande RJ. Twentieth-century nonproliferation meets twenty-first-century biotechnology. The Nonproliferation Review. 2020;27(4-6):541–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1819690</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berger KM, Casagrande RJ. Twentieth-century nonproliferation meets twenty-first-century biotechnology. The Nonproliferation Review. 2020;27(4-6):541–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1819690</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mackby J. Experts Debate Biological Weapons Challenges. Arms Control Today; 2018. www.armscontrol.org/act/2018-09/news/experts-debate-biological-weapons-challenges</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mackby J. Experts Debate Biological Weapons Challenges. Arms Control Today; 2018. www.armscontrol.org/act/2018-09/news/experts-debate-biological-weapons-challenges</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shearer MP, Montague M, Kobokovich A, Martin E, Connell N, Watson M, Gronvall GK. Global Forum on Scientific Advances Important to the Biological &amp; Toxin Weapons Convention. Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security; 2019. www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events/2019-global-forum/200925-2019 GlobalForumMtgRpt.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shearer MP, Montague M, Kobokovich A, Martin E, Connell N, Watson M, Gronvall GK. Global Forum on Scientific Advances Important to the Biological &amp; Toxin Weapons Convention. Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security; 2019. www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events/2019-global-forum/200925-2019 GlobalForumMtgRpt.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trump BD, Cummings CL, Kuzma J, Linkov I, Eds. Synthetic biology 2020: frontiers in risk analysis and governance. Cham: Springer; 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trump BD, Cummings CL, Kuzma J, Linkov I, Eds. Synthetic biology 2020: frontiers in risk analysis and governance. Cham: Springer; 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Biodefense in the Age of Synthetic Biology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2018. https://doi.org/10.17226/24890</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Biodefense in the Age of Synthetic Biology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2018. https://doi.org/10.17226/24890</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El Karoui M, Hoyos-Flight M, Fletcher L. Future Trends in Synthetic Biology – A report. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019;7:175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00175</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El Karoui M, Hoyos-Flight M, Fletcher L. Future Trends in Synthetic Biology – A report. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019;7:175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00175</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cross G, Klotz L. Twenty-first century perspectives on the Biological Weapon Convention: Continued relevance or toothless paper tiger. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 2020;76(4):185–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2020.1778365</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cross G, Klotz L. Twenty-first century perspectives on the Biological Weapon Convention: Continued relevance or toothless paper tiger. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 2020;76(4):185–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2020.1778365</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ostrov N, Beal J, Ellis T, Gordon DB, Karas BJ, Lee HH, et al. Technological challenges and milestones for writing genomes. Science. 2019;366;(6463):310–2. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay0339</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostrov N, Beal J, Ellis T, Gordon DB, Karas BJ, Lee HH, et al. Technological challenges and milestones for writing genomes. Science. 2019;366;(6463):310–2. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay0339</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matai I, Kaur G, Seyedsalehi A, McClinton A, Laurencin CT. Progress in 3D bioprinting technology for tissue/organ regenerative engineering. Biomaterials. 2020;226:119536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119536.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matai I, Kaur G, Seyedsalehi A, McClinton A, Laurencin CT. Progress in 3D bioprinting technology for tissue/organ regenerative engineering. Biomaterials. 2020;226:119536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119536.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cello J, Paul AV, Wimmer E. Chemical Synthesis of Poliovirus CDNA: Generation of Infectious Virus in the Absence of Natural Template. Science. 2002;297(5583):1016–18. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.107.2266</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cello J, Paul AV, Wimmer E. Chemical Synthesis of Poliovirus CDNA: Generation of Infectious Virus in the Absence of Natural Template. Science. 2002;297(5583):1016–18. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.107.2266</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noyce RS, Lederman S, Evans DH. Construction of an infectious horsepox virus vaccine from chemically synthesized DNA fragments. PloS One. 2018;13(1):e0188453. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188453</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noyce RS, Lederman S, Evans DH. Construction of an infectious horsepox virus vaccine from chemically synthesized DNA fragments. PloS One. 2018;13(1):e0188453. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188453</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen D, Kenney D, Chin C, Tavares AH, Khan N, Conway HL, et al. Role of spike in the pathogenic and antigenic behavior of SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 Omicron. bioRxiv. 2022.10.13.512134. https://doi.org/10/1101/2022.10.13.512134</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen D, Kenney D, Chin C, Tavares AH, Khan N, Conway HL, et al. Role of spike in the pathogenic and antigenic behavior of SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 Omicron. bioRxiv. 2022.10.13.512134. https://doi.org/10/1101/2022.10.13.512134</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gan W, Lin A. CRISP/Cas9 in plant biotechnology: application and challenges. BioTechnologia. 2022;103(1):81–93. https://doi.org/10/5114/bta.2022.113919</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gan W, Lin A. CRISP/Cas9 in plant biotechnology: application and challenges. BioTechnologia. 2022;103(1):81–93. https://doi.org/10/5114/bta.2022.113919</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Moandi K, Morales-Floriano ML, Garcia-Ruiz H. Principles, applications and biosafety of plant genome editing using CRISP-Cas9. Front Plant Sci. 2020;11:56. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00056</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Moandi K, Morales-Floriano ML, Garcia-Ruiz H. Principles, applications and biosafety of plant genome editing using CRISP-Cas9. Front Plant Sci. 2020;11:56. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00056</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ledford H, Callaway E. Gene Drive Mosquitoes Engineered to Fight Malaria. Nature. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2015.18858</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ledford H, Callaway E. Gene Drive Mosquitoes Engineered to Fight Malaria. Nature. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2015.18858</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nixdorff K. Developments in systems biology: implications for health and biochemical security. The Nonproliferation Review, 2021;27:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1865632</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nixdorff K. Developments in systems biology: implications for health and biochemical security. The Nonproliferation Review, 2021;27:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1865632</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huigang L, Menghui L, Xiaoli Z, Cui H, Yuan Z. Development of and prospects for the biological weapons convention. Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity. 2022;4:50–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobb.2021.11.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huigang L, Menghui L, Xiaoli Z, Cui H, Yuan Z. Development of and prospects for the biological weapons convention. Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity. 2022;4:50–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobb.2021.11.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mooney SJ, Westreich DJ, El-Sayed AM. Commentary: epidemiology in the era of big data. Epidemiology. 2015;26(3):390–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000274</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mooney SJ, Westreich DJ, El-Sayed AM. Commentary: epidemiology in the era of big data. Epidemiology. 2015;26(3):390–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000274</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nixdorff K, Borisova T, Komisarenko S, Dando M. Dual-Use Nano-neurotechnology: An Assessment of the Implications of Trends in Science and Technology. Politics Life Sci. 2018;37(2):180–202. https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2018.15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nixdorff K, Borisova T, Komisarenko S, Dando M. Dual-Use Nano-neurotechnology: An Assessment of the Implications of Trends in Science and Technology. Politics Life Sci. 2018;37(2):180–202. https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2018.15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Musunuri S, Sandbrink JB, Monrad JT, Palmer MJ, Koblentz GD. Rapid proliferation of pandemic research: implications for dual-use risks. mBio. 2021;12(5):e0186421. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01864-21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musunuri S, Sandbrink JB, Monrad JT, Palmer MJ, Koblentz GD. Rapid proliferation of pandemic research: implications for dual-use risks. mBio. 2021;12(5):e0186421. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01864-21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frank GM, Adalja A, Barbour A, Casadevall A, Dormitzer PR, Duchin J, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America and gain-of-function experiments with pathogens having pandemic potential. J Infect Dis. 2016;213(9):1359–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv474</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frank GM, Adalja A, Barbour A, Casadevall A, Dormitzer PR, Duchin J, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America and gain-of-function experiments with pathogens having pandemic potential. J Infect Dis. 2016;213(9):1359–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv474</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schloss PD. Preprinting microbiology. mBio. 2017;8(3):e00438-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00438-17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schloss PD. Preprinting microbiology. mBio. 2017;8(3):e00438-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00438-17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khoury M, Iademarco M, Riley W. Precision public health for the era of precision medicine. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2016;50(3):398–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.08.031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khoury M, Iademarco M, Riley W. Precision public health for the era of precision medicine. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2016;50(3):398–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.08.031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dananjayan S, Raj GM. Artifiial intelligence during a pandemic: the COVID-19 example. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2020;35(5):1260-1262. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2987</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dananjayan S, Raj GM. Artifiial intelligence during a pandemic: the COVID-19 example. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2020;35(5):1260-1262. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2987</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Warmbrod K, Revill J, Connell N. Advances in Science and Technology in the Life Sciences: Implications for Biosecurity and Arms Control. Geneva, Switzerland: UNIDIR; 2020. https://doi.org/10.37559/SecTec/20/SandT</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Warmbrod K, Revill J, Connell N. Advances in Science and Technology in the Life Sciences: Implications for Biosecurity and Arms Control. Geneva, Switzerland: UNIDIR; 2020. https://doi.org/10.37559/SecTec/20/SandT</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu Y, Verma D, Sheridan RP, Liaw A, Ma J, Marshall NM, et al. Deep dive into machine learning models for protein engineering. J Chem Inf Model. 2020;60(6):2773–90. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00073</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu Y, Verma D, Sheridan RP, Liaw A, Ma J, Marshall NM, et al. Deep dive into machine learning models for protein engineering. J Chem Inf Model. 2020;60(6):2773–90. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00073</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bajema N, DiEullis D, Lutes C, Lim Y-B. The Digitization of Biology: Understanding the New Risks and Implications for Governance.Emergence &amp; Convergence. Research paper no. 3. National Defense University; 2018. https://wmdcenter.ndu.edu/Publications/Publication-View/Article/1569559/the-digitization-of-biologyunderstanding-the-new-risks-and-implications-for-go/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bajema N, DiEullis D, Lutes C, Lim Y-B. The Digitization of Biology: Understanding the New Risks and Implications for Governance.Emergence &amp; Convergence. Research paper no. 3. National Defense University; 2018. https://wmdcenter.ndu.edu/Publications/Publication-View/Article/1569559/the-digitization-of-biologyunderstanding-the-new-risks-and-implications-for-go/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berger K, Schneck P. National and Transnational Security Implications of Asymmetric Access to and Use of Biological Data. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019;7:21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berger K, Schneck P. National and Transnational Security Implications of Asymmetric Access to and Use of Biological Data. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019;7:21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urbina F, Lentzos F, Invernizzi C, Ekins S. Dual Use of Artificial Intelligence-powered Drug Discovery. Nat Mach Intell. 2022;4(3):189–91. https://doi.org/10.138/s42256-022-00465-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urbina F, Lentzos F, Invernizzi C, Ekins S. Dual Use of Artificial Intelligence-powered Drug Discovery. Nat Mach Intell. 2022;4(3):189–91. https://doi.org/10.138/s42256-022-00465-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
