nbsprotВестник войск РХБ защитыJournal of NBC Protection Corps2587-57283034-279127 Научный центр10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-3-248-260kuwcbynbsprot-320Research ArticleБиологическая безопасность и защита от биологических угрозBiological Security and Protection against Biological ThreatsЭпидемиология оспы верблюдов: новые аспектыEpidemiology of Camelpox: New Aspectshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7985-5516СтовбаЛ. Ф.StovbaL. F.

Стовба Людмила Федоровна, старший научный сотрудник, канд. биол. наук

141306, Московская обл., г. Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д. 11

Lyudmila F. Stovba, senior Researcher. Cand. Sci. (Biol)

Oktyabrskaya St, 11, Sergiev Posad 141306

48cnii@mil.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7674-2321ЛебедевВ. Н.LebedevV. N.

Лебедев Виталий Николаевич, ведущий научный сотрудник, д-р биол. наук

141306, Московская обл., г. Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д. 11

Vitaliy N. Lebedev, senior Researcher. Dr Sci. (Biol.)

Oktyabrskaya St, 11, Sergiev Posad 141306

48cnii@mil.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2603-0860ЧухраляО. В.ChukhraliaO. V.

Чухраля Олег Васильевич, заместитель начальника научно-исследовательского отдела

141306, Московская обл., г. Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д. 11

Oleg V. Chukhralia, deputy Head of the Department

Oktyabrskaya St, 11, Sergiev Posad 141306

48cnii@mil.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6686-320XХмелевА. Л.KhmelevA. L.

Хмелев Алексей Леонидович, научный сотрудник, канд. мед. наук

141306, Московская обл., г. Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д. 11

Aleksey L. Khmelev, researcher. Cand. Sci. (Med.)

Oktyabrskaya St, 11, Sergiev Posad 141306

48cnii@mil.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-8774КузнецовС. Л.KuznetsovS. L.

Кузнецов Сергей Леонидович, начальник отдела, д-р мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник

119160, г. Москва, Фрунзенская наб., д. 22/2

Sergey L. Kuznetsov, chief of the Department. Dr Sci. (Med.)

Frunzenskaya Emb., 22/2, Moscow 119160

48cnii@mil.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-3919БорисевичС. В.BorisevichS. V.

Борисевич Сергей Владимирович, начальник ФГБУ «48 ЦНИИ» Минобороны России, д-р биол. наук, профессор, академик РАН

141306, Московская обл., г. Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, д. 11

Sergey V. Borisevich, head of Institute. Dr Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences

Oktyabrskaya St, 11, Sergiev Posad 141306

48cnii@mil.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «48 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт» Министерства обороны Российской ФедерацииРоссияFederal State Budgetary Institution 48 «Central Research Institute» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian FederationRussian FederationУправление начальника Войск радиационной, химической и биологической защиты Вооруженных Сил Российской ФедерацииРоссияDirectorate of the Chief of the Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian FederationRussian Federation20230801202473248260Copyright © Стовба Л.Ф., Лебедев В.Н., Чухраля О.В., Хмелев А.Л., Кузнецов С.Л., Борисевич С.В., 20242024Стовба Л.Ф., Лебедев В.Н., Чухраля О.В., Хмелев А.Л., Кузнецов С.Л., Борисевич С.В.Stovba L.F., Lebedev V.N., Chukhralia O.V., Khmelev A.L., Kuznetsov S.L., Borisevich S.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/320

После отмены обязательной противооспенной вакцинации человечество утратило иммунитет не только к натуральной оспе, но и к инфекциям, вызываемым возбудителями этого рода (Orthopoxvirus): оспе обезьян, оспе коров, оспе буйволов, оспе верблюдов. Поскольку в филогенетическом и генетическом плане ближе всего к вирусу натуральной оспы стоят вирусы оспы верблюдов и африканской песчанки (гомология генома составляет 97 %), то нельзя исключить, что мутация в небольшом фрагменте генома приведет к замене относительно безопасного вируса к эпидемически опасному возбудителю. Цель работы – обобщение материалов по исследованию вируса оспы верблюдов. Источниковая база исследования – англоязычная научная литература, доступная через сеть «Интернет». Метод исследования – анализ научных источников по оспе верблюдов от общего к частному. Рассматривали эпизоотическую опасность вируса, его патогенность для человека, филогенетическое родство с другими ортопоксвирусами, средства специфической профилактики и лечения оспы верблюдов у верблюдов. Обсуждение и результаты. Возбудитель оспы верблюдов вызывает у Camelus dromedaries и Camelus bactrianus узелково-пастулезную сыпь на коже и слизистых оболочках. Болезнь контагиозна, ее эпизоотии приводят к значительному экономическому ущербу. В декабре 2008–мае 2009 г. зафиксированы лабораторно подтвержденные случаи оспы верблюдов у людей в Индии, Сомали и восточном Судане. Для идентификации вируса оспы верблюдов в настоящее время предлагается тест-система ПЦР-РВ с праймерами на ген C18L, которая выявляет только данный вирус. Установленный круг хозяев вируса ограничен одним видом животного – верблюдом. Для лечения заболевших верблюдов применяются химиопрепараты: цидофoвир и токоверимат (ST-246). Для иммунопрофилактики используют живую и инактивированную вакцины. Заключение. Вирус оспы верблюдов представляет опасность для человека в регионах, где люди разводят верблюдов и находятся в тесном контакте с ними. Дополнительным «окном» для проникновения этого вируса в человеческое общество могут быть иммунодефицитные популяции людей. Генетическая изменчивость вируса и пластичность его генома позволяют методом селекции получать штаммы вируса с измененными свойствами. Методы синтетической биологии создают риск путем небольших замен в геноме вируса превратить его в эпидемически опасный для человека. Необходим постоянный мониторинг за этим заболеванием, поскольку существует опасность трансмиссии оспы верблюдов из Казахстана в приграничные районы Российской Федерацией и появления на фоне эпизоотий генетически измененных вариантов вируса.

After the abolition of the mandatory smallpox vaccination, the humanity lost the immunity not only to smallpox, but also to infections caused by pathogens of this family (Orthopoxvirus): monkeypox, cowpox, buffalo pox, camelpox. Since the camelpox and African gerbil viruses are the closest to the variola virus (genomic homology is 97%) in phylogenetic and genetic terms, it cannot be ruled out that a mutation in a small fragment of the genome of one of these viruses will lead to the replacement of a relatively safe virus with an epidemically dangerous pathogen. The purpose of is article is to summarize materials on the study of camelpox virus. The sources for this research is scientific articles and other English-language literature available via the Internet. The research method is an analysis of scientific sources on camelpox from the general to the specific. The authors considered the epizootic danger of the virus, its virulence for humans, phylogenetic relationship with other orthopoxviruses, means of specific prevention and treatment of camel pox in camels. The discussion and the results. The causative agent of camelpox causes a nodular-pastular rash on the skin and mucous membranes in Camelus dromedaries and Camelus bactrianus. The disease is contagious, and its epizootics lead to significant economic damage. From December 2008 to May 2009, several laboratory-confirmed cases of camelpox in humans were reported in India, Somalia and eastern Sudan. Nowadays for the identification of the camelpox virus, a RT-PCR test system with primers for the C18L gene is usually offered, which detects only this virus. The established host range of the virus is limited to one animal - the camel. To treat sick camels, chemotherapy drugs are used: cidofovir and tocoverimate (ST-246). For immunoprophylaxis, live and inactivated vaccines are used. The conclusion. Camelpox virus poses a risk to humans in regions where people raise camels and are in close contact with them. The immunodeficient populations of people may serve as an additional «window» for the penetration of this virus into human society. The genetic variability of the virus and the plasticity of its genome make it possible to obtain virus strains with altered properties. Synthetic biology methods create a risk, through small substitutions in the genome of the virus, of turning it into an epidemic danger for humans. Constant monitoring of this disease is necessary, since there is a danger of the transmission of camelpox from Kazakhstan to areas bordering the Russian Federation.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.