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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nbsprot</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник войск РХБ защиты</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of NBC Protection Corps</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5728</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-2791</issn><publisher><publisher-name>27 Научный центр</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35825/2587-5728-2019-3-2-150-174</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">byodpl</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nbsprot-241</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ХИМИЧЕСКОЕ И БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОРУЖИЕ В ВОЙНАХ И КОНФЛИКТАХ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS IN WARS AND CONFLICTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Химическое оружие в ирано-иракской войне 1980–1988 годов. 2. Применение химического оружия в боевых действиях</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chemical Weapons in the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988). 2. Combat Use of Chemical Weapons</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Супотницкий</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Supotnitskiy</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Супотницкий Михаил Васильевич. Главный специалист, канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр.</p><p>105005, г. Москва, Бригадирский переулок, д. 13</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail Vasilyevich Supotnitskiy. Senior Researcher. Chief Specialist. Candidate of Biological Sciences</p><p>Brigadirskii Lane 13, Moscow 105005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">27nc_1@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шило</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shilo</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шило Наталья Игоревна. Научный сотрудник отдела</p><p>105005, г. Москва, Бригадирский переулок, д. 13</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya Igorevna Shilo. Researcher. Scientific Editor</p><p>Brigadirskii Lane 13, Moscow 105005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковтун</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovtun</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ковтун Виктор Александрович. Начальник центра, канд. хим. наук, доц. </p><p>105005, г. Москва, Бригадирский переулок, д. 13</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor Aleksandrovich Kovtun. Head of the Centre. Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor </p><p>Brigadirskii Lane 13, Moscow 105005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «27 Научный центр» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Establishment «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>150</fpage><lpage>174</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Супотницкий М.В., Шило Н.И., Ковтун В.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Супотницкий М.В., Шило Н.И., Ковтун В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Supotnitskiy M.V., Shilo N.I., Kovtun V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/241">https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/241</self-uri><abstract><p>Ирано-иракская война 1980–1988 гг. стала результатом геополитической ситуации, сложившейся в регионе Ближнего Востока после исламской революции 1979 г. в Иране. Непосредственным поводом послужили территориальные споры и отсутствие признанной обеими сторонами границы. При этом ни Ирак, ни Иран не были готовы к войне, не хотели ее в таких масштабах, в которых она произошла и не обладали химическим оружием. С самого начала война приняла затяжной характер. При этом Ирак пользовался широкой зарубежной поддержкой, Иран рассматривался «мировым сообществом» как «страна-изгой». К 1983 г. Ирак стал терпеть поражение от Ирана, имевшего значительно большие человеческие ресурсы. Поэтому ему на возмездной основе западными странами была оказана помощь в создании химического оружия, которое постепенно стало неотъемлемой частью планировавшихся иракским командованием наступательных и оборонительных операций. Благодаря поставляемым зарубежными, главным образом западными, фирмами технологиям, оборудованию и химикатам Ираком были наработаны промышленные количества иприта, табуна и зарина/циклозарина, начато производство VX. По ходу войны химическое оружие из оборонительного средства стало превращаться в наступательное. Война закончилась как химическая, все операции 1988 г., приведшие к окончанию войны, проводились Ираком с применением химического оружия. Иран также активно использовал химическое оружие в последний год войны. В ходе войны был выявлен ряд недостатков имевшихся мер и средств противохимической защиты. В частности, оказалось невозможно эффективно сортировать потоки раненых и пораженных ОВ, массово поступающих на этапы медицинской эвакуации. Обнаружилась неэффективность средств дегазации при массовом поступлении пораженных ОВ, из-за чего пораженные ипритом оказывались источниками контаминации медицинского персонала даже в западных клиниках. Выяснилось, что при применении Ираком «сухого иприта» оказалось неэффективным противоипритное снаряжение НАТО, поставляемое Ирану. Показали свою неэффективность и принятые схемы лечения пораженных табуном. Кроме того, нами было обнаружено, что опыт ирано-иракской химической войны активно изучается на Западе до настоящего времени.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988) was the result of the geopolitical situation in the Middle East after the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979. Certain longstanding territorial disputes and the absence of mutually recognized state border between the rivalry countries were among the direct pretexts of the war. At the same time neither Iraq, nor Iran were ready to serious war, both did not want it in such scales, and they did not possess chemical weapons (CW). During the war, Iraq enjoyed broad international support. At the same time, revolutionary Iran turned into a pariah state. By 1983, Iraq began to suffer a defeat from Iran, which possessed considerable human resources. Because of that certain Western countries helped Iraq (on the paid basis) to start its own CW program and the industrial production of chemical agents and munitions. Gradually CW became an integral part of the offensive and defensive operations, planned by the Iraqi command. Due to the technologies, equipment and chemicals, supplied by certain foreign, mainly Western firms, Iraq was able to start the industrial production of mustard gas, tabun and sarin/cyclosarin, as well as to start the synthesis of VX. During the war, CW turned from purely defensive into offensive means of warfare. The war ended as chemical. In 1988 all the operations, which led to the end of the war, were carried out by Iraq with the use of CW. At the same time, the war revealed certain weaknesses of chemical protection means, possessed by both sides. Thus, it appeared to be impossible to sort effectively the wounded and affected by CW during the medical evacuation phase. The existing decontamination means turned out to be ineffective in case of mass arrival of the affected into hospitals. Because of that, the secondary contamination of medical stuff took place even in Western hospitals. The protective equipment against blister agents, used by NATO countries, turned out to be insufficient in case of use of «dry yperite» by the Iraqis. The accepted schemes of treatment of the affected by tabun also showed their inefficiency. As we find out, the experience of the Iran-Iraq chemical war is studied actively in the West up to now.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ирано-иракская война</kwd><kwd>сернистый иприт</kwd><kwd>табун</kwd><kwd>химическая программа Ирака</kwd><kwd>химическое оружие</kwd><kwd>циклозарин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>the Iran-Iraq war</kwd><kwd>sulfur mustard</kwd><kwd>tabun</kwd><kwd>Iraqi chemical weapons program</kwd><kwd>chemical weapons</kwd><kwd>cyclosarin</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы выражают свою признательность доктору технических наук Станиславу Вениаминовичу Петрову, главному научному сотруднику 27 НЦ МО РФ и Игорю Владимировичу Рыбальченко, доктору химических наук, профессору, ведущему научному сотруднику 27 НЦ МО РФ за помощь, оказанную при подготовке этой работы.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors express their sincere gratitude to Stanislav Veniaminovich Pertov, Chief Researcher at the «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Technical Sciences, and Igor Vladimirovich Rybalchenko, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Leading Researcher at the «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, for their kind help and advice.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoffpauter M.E. 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