nbsprotВестник войск РХБ защитыJournal of NBC Protection Corps2587-57283034-279127 Научный центр10.35825/2587-5728-2019-3-2-117-136qbguzunbsprot-239Research ArticleБиологическая безопасность и защита от биологических угрозBiological Security and Protection against Biological ThreatsНейро- и кардиотоксины актиний: структура, функция и перспективы применения в научной и медицинской практикеNeuro- and Cardiotoxins from Sea Anemones: Structure, Function and Potential of Application in Research and Medical PracticeКалинаР. С.KalinaR. S.

Калина Римма Сергеевна. Младший научный сотрудник 

Проспект 100-летия Владивостока, д. 159, г. Владивосток, 690022

Rimma Sergeevna Kalina. Junior Researcher 

Prospect 100-let Vladivostoky 159, Vladivostok 690022

kalinarimma@gmail.comМонастырнаяМ. М.MonastyrnayaM. M.

Монастырная Маргарита Михайловна. Ведущий научный сотрудник, д-р хим. наук

Проспект 100-летия Владивостока, д. 159, г. Владивосток, 690022

Margarita Michailovna Monastyrnaya. Leading Researcher, Doctor of Chemical Sciences

Prospect 100-let Vladivostoky 159, Vladivostok 690022

Тихоокеанский институт биоорганической химии им Г.Б. Елякова ДВО РАН (ТИБОХ ДВО РАН)РоссияG.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation20191007202332117136Copyright © Калина Р.С., Монастырная М.М., 20232023Калина Р.С., Монастырная М.М.Kalina R.S., Monastyrnaya M.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/239

Актинии повсеместно распространены в Мировом океане и представляют собой древнейшие активно-ядовитые организмы. Их основной инструмент нападения на других животных – нематоцисты, жалящие органеллы, внутри которых заключена свернутая полая нить с ядовитым острием на конце. Для привлечения потенциальных жертв они используют флуоресцентные белки, ставшие отдельным объектом исследования в качестве генетически кодируемых маркеров для наблюдения за активностью промоторов генов. Ядовитый секрет актиний характеризуется наличием максимального количества пептидов различных структурных классов и пространственных структур среди изученных наземных и морских организмов (пчелы, пауки, скорпионы, змеи, моллюски конусы и др.), что затрудняет его идентификацию и дифференциацию от ядов животных других таксонов, если неизвестен конкретный источник его происхождения. Токсичность некоторых биологически активных пептидов актиний (RpI, RpIII) при внутривенном введении экспериментальным животным сравнима с токсичностью наиболее известных и опасных представителей природных токсинов, имеющих сходный механизм действия (альфа-гемолизин и тетродотоксин), или боевых отравляющих веществ, таких как зарин и синильная кислота. По токсическому действию биологически активные пептиды актиний в основном можно отнести к нейротоксинам, поскольку они оказывают влияние на функционирование натриевых каналов в клетках нервной системы животных. Кардиотоксическое действие секрета актиний обусловлено специфичностью взаимодействия отдельных, входящих в его состав, нейротоксинов с одним из подтипов натриевых каналов мышечных клеток, характерных для тканей сердца. Основными способами идентификации нейротоксинов актиний в образцах, например, при расследовании биопреступлений, могут быть секвенирование по методу Эдмана или методы тандемной масс-спектрометрии (анализ фрагментов молекулы токсина для установления его структуры). Дальнейшее изучение механизмов взаимодействия нейротоксинов актиний с ионными каналами клеток нервной и мышечной систем способно привести к созданию препаратов для лечения каналопатий и антидотов широко спектра действия, блокирующих токсины, воздействующие на натриевые каналы.

Sea anemones are well-spread everywhere in the World Ocean and represent the most ancient active poisonous organisms. Their main instrument of attack on other animals are the nematocysts – stinging organelles with the curtailed hollow thread with poisonous edge on the end. In order to attract their potential victims, they use fluorescent proteins. These proteins became a separate object of research as genetically coded markers for the observation of activity of promotors of genes. The poisonous secret of sea anemones is characterized by the presence of maximum number of peptides of various structural classes and spatial structures among the studied land and marine organisms (bees, spiders, scorpions, snakes ect.). This fact complicates the identification of sea anemones' secret and its differentiation from poisons of animals of other taxons, if the concrete source of its origin is unknown. The toxicity of some biologically active sea anemone peptides (RpI, RpIII) at intravenous administration to experimental animals is comparable with that of the most well-known and dangerous representatives of natural toxins with the similar mechanism of action (an alpha-hemolysine and tetrodotoxin), or chemical warfare agents, such as sarin and hydrogen cyanide. Based on their toxic effect, the biologically active sea anemone peptides generally can be classified as neurotoxins due to their impact on the functioning of sodium channels in the cells of the nervous system of animals. Cardiotoxic effect of sea anemone secret is caused by the specificity of interaction between its separate neurotoxins and one of the sub-types of sodium channels of muscle cells, characteristic for heart tissues. The main ways of identification of sea anemone neurotoxins in samples (for example, during the investigation of biological crimes) can be sequence by Edman`s method or tandem mass spectrometry (the analysis of fragments of toxin molecule for the establishment of its structure). Further study on the mechanisms of interaction between the sea anemone neurotoxins and the ion channels of the cells of nervous and muscular systems may result in the creation of medicines for treatment of channelopathy, as well as pluripotential antidotes, blocking the toxins, that influence on sodium channels.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.