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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nbsprot</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник войск РХБ защиты</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of NBC Protection Corps</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5728</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-2791</issn><publisher><publisher-name>27 Научный центр</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35825/2587-5728-2019-3-1-40-64</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">xbqlnd</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nbsprot-228</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ХИМИЧЕСКОЕ И БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОРУЖИЕ В ВОЙНАХ И КОНФЛИКТАХ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS IN WARS AND CONFLICTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Химическое оружие в ирано-иракской войне 1980–1988 годов. 1. Подготовка Ирака к химической войне</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chemical Weapons in the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Iraq Preparing for Chemical War</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Супотницкий</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Supotnitskiy</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Супотницкий Михаил Васильевич. Главный специалист, канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр.</p><p>105005, г. Москва, Бригадирский переулок, д. 13</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail Vasilyevich Supotnitskiy. Senior Researcher. Chief Specialist. Candidate of Biological Sciences</p><p>Brigadirskii Lane 13, Moscow 105005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">27nc_1@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шило</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shilo</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шило Наталья Игоревна. Научный сотрудник отдела</p><p>105005, г. Москва, Бригадирский переулок, д. 13</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya Igorevna Shilo. Junior Researcher, Scientific Editor</p><p>Brigadirskii Lane 13, Moscow 105005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковтун</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovtun</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ковтун Виктор Александрович. Начальник центра, канд. хим. наук, доц. </p><p>105005, г. Москва, Бригадирский переулок, д. 13</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor Aleksandrovich Kovtun. Head of the Centre. Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor </p><p>Brigadirskii Lane 13, Moscow 105005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «27 Научный центр» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Establishment «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>64</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Супотницкий М.В., Шило Н.И., Ковтун В.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Супотницкий М.В., Шило Н.И., Ковтун В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Supotnitskiy M.V., Shilo N.I., Kovtun V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/228">https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/228</self-uri><abstract><p>Ирано-иракская война (1980–1988 гг.) стала первой современной войной, в которой применялось химическое оружие. Доступных обобщающих работ по этой проблеме на русском языке нет. Это ставит российских исследователей в неравное положение по отношению к своим западным и ближневосточным коллегам, имеющим такую информацию из широкого круга источников. Особенно недостаток таких знаний ограничивает возможности понимания тайных механизмов, запускающих современные химические войны на Ближнем Востоке. На основе анализа западных источников, материалов ООН и ЦРУ, показано, что создание химического оружия Ираком, страной «третьего мира» с численностью населения 16,3 млн человек, к тому же имевшего низкий образовательный уровень, стало возможным благодаря щедро оплаченной иракским правительством западной помощи (поставки прекурсоров, технологий, технической документации, специалистов, дипломатической поддержки и др.). Только благодаря ей иракская военно-химическая программа оказалось успешной. Промышленное производство ОВ и химических боеприпасов разного тактического назначения было налажено иракцами с «нуля» в течение менее чем 10 лет. В научных исследованиях к концу 1980-х гг. иракскими химиками были созданы заделы на будущее, заложена промышленная база для практического воплощения собственных разработок по химическому оружию. С июня 1981 г. по январь 1991 г. в Ираке было произведено 3,86 тыс. т ОВ, из них 2,85 тыс. т – сернистого иприта; около 600 т – зарина/циклозарина, 210 т – табуна и 2,4 т – VX. Из всего произведенного количества ОВ примерно 3,3 тыс. тонн были использованы для снаряжения авиационных бомб, артиллерийских снарядов и боеголовок ракет. Для России успешность программы по созданию химического оружия Ираком – это предупреждение. Оно говорит о том, что отсталое в техническом отношении, но богатое нефтью квазигосударство, из тех, что сегодня создаются на Ближнем Востоке, способно при неафишируемой поддержке тех же «спонсоров», за несколько лет обрести химическое оружие и использовать его как для провокаций, так и для ведения боевых действий в жизненно важных для России регионах.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The Iraqis became the first nation to use chemical weapons on the modern battlefield during the IranIraq War (1980-1988). There are no general reviews and research available on this issue in Russian. It also puts the Russian researchers in an unequal position in comparison with their Western and Middle Eastern colleagues, who have such information from a wide range of sources. This lack of knowledge limits our ability to understand the secret mechanisms that trigger modern chemical wars in the Middle East. The analysis in the present study is based on different Western sources, UN and CIA materials. The article shows that Iraq – a third world country with the population of 16,3 million people in 1980-ies and relatively low educational level – could start its chemical weapons program only due to the Western aid and assistance (supplies of the precursors, technologies and technical documentation, education of specialists, diplomatic support ect). Only due to this assistance the Iraqi`s chemical weapons program could become successful. The industrial production of chemical agents and chemical munitions of various tactical purposes was established by the Iraqis in less than 10 years. By the end of the 1980-ies, the Iraqi chemists laid the foundations of the future research in the sphere of toxic chemicals. The industrial base for the production of CW have also been established. For Russia, the success of the Iraq`s chemical weapons program is a warning. It means that technically backward, but oil rich quasi-state can acquire chemical weapons in a few years with the clandestine support of the same «sponsors», and use it both for provocations and for conducting combat operations in the regions, vital for Russia`s interests.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Женевский протокол 1925 г.</kwd><kwd>зарин</kwd><kwd>иприт</kwd><kwd>ирано-иракская война</kwd><kwd>прекурсоры</kwd><kwd>программа создания химического оружия</kwd><kwd>табун</kwd><kwd>химическое оружие</kwd><kwd>циклозарин</kwd><kwd>VX</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>the Geneva Protocol 1925</kwd><kwd>sarin</kwd><kwd>mustard</kwd><kwd>the Iran-Iraq war</kwd><kwd>precursors</kwd><kwd>chemical weapons program</kwd><kwd>tabun</kwd><kwd>chemical weapons</kwd><kwd>cyclosarin</kwd><kwd>VX</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы выражают свою признательность доктору технических наук Станиславу Вениаминовичу Петрову, главному научному сотруднику 27 НЦ МО РФ; доктору химических наук, профессору Игорю Владимировичу Рыбальченко, ведущему научному сотруднику 27 НЦ МО РФ за помощь, оказанную при подготовке этой работы.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors express their sincere gratitude to Stanislav Veniaminovich Pertov, Chief Researcher at the «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Technical Sciences, and Igor Vladimirovich Rybalchenko, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Leading Researcher at the «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, for their kind help and advice.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Конвенция о запрещении разработки, производства, накопления и применения химического оружия и о его уничтожении. 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