nbsprotВестник войск РХБ защитыJournal of NBC Protection Corps2587-57283034-279127 Научный центр10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-1-65-82rszxvgnbsprot-22Research ArticleХИМИЧЕСКОЕ И БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОРУЖИЕ В ВОЙНАХ И КОНФЛИКТАХCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS IN WARS AND CONFLICTSХимическое оружие в ирано-иракской войне 1980–1988 годов. 6. Накопленный опыт лечения поражений отравляющими веществами нервно-паралитического действияChemical Weapons in the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988). 6. Accumulated Experience in the Treatment of Lesions with Poisonous Nerve AgentsСупотницкийМ. В.SupotnitskiyM. V.

Главный специалист, канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр.

11104, г. Москва, Проезд энтузиастов, 19.

Senior Researcher. Chief Specialist. Candidate of Biological Sciences

Entuziastov passage, 19, Moscow 111024

27nc_1@mil.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «27 Научный центр» Министерства обороны Российской ФедерацииРоссияFederal State Budgetary Establishment «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian FederationRussian Federation202212052023616582Copyright © Супотницкий М.В., 20232023Супотницкий М.В.Supotnitskiy M.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/22

Ирано-иракская война 1980–1988 г. была первой современной войной, в ходе которой применялось химическое оружие. Цель работы – обобщение опыта лечения пострадавших от воздействия пораженных ОВ нервно-паралитического действия. Для подготовки статьи, в основном, использовались публикации иранских авторов в англоязычных научных журналах. Первое применение химического оружия иракской армией произошло в августе 1983 г. в Курдистане (сернистый иприт), ОВ нервно-паралитического действия (табун) впервые применено 29 февраля 1984 г. в боях за острова Маджнун. Всего за время войны по иранским войскам было применено 140 т табуна и около 600 т зарина/циклозарина. Непосредственно от нервно-паралитического ОВ погибло 5,5 тыс. военнослужащих. На одного погибшего от табуна на поле боя приходилось не менее 7 отравленных, нуждающихся в квалифицированной токсикологической помощи, летальные исходы среди пораженных табуном военнослужащих составили не менее 15 %. Военнослужащие без средств защиты, получившие большие дозы нервно-паралитического ОВ, теряли сознание в течение 30 с и умирали на позициях в течение нескольких минут. Наиболее чувствительными к таким ОВ оказались женщины, дети и пожилые люди, случайно попавшие под химический удар. Применение противником ОВ нервно-паралитического действия сопровождалось паникой в войсках и поступлением на медицинские пункты огромного количества военнослужащих в критическом состоянии. Первыми клиническими признаками, по которым распознавались пораженные такими ОВ, были потливость, фасцикуляции и миоз. Эффективность антидотной терапии (атропин+оксим+диазепам) зависела от времени оказания медицинской помощи. Наиболее эффективным считалось применение атропина титрованием (внутривенным введением капельно) до достижения легкости дыхания, отсутствия признаков спазма бронхов, исчезновения выделений из дыхательного тракта и частоты сердечных сокращений >80 уд/мин. Оксимы при лечении отравленных табуном были не эффективны. Наиболее результативной оказалась дегазация путем физического удаления ОВ. Дегазацию пораженных ОВ приходилось проводить подручными средствами, такими как мытье морской или речной водой, применением растворов хлорсодержащих бытовых химикатов, присыпания сухой землей.

The Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988) was the first modern war in which chemical weapons were used. The purpose of this work is to summarize the experience of treating victims, affected by nerve agents. The publications of Iranian authors in different scientific journals were used for the preparation of the article. The first use of chemical weapons by the Iraqi army occurred in August 1983 in Kurdistan (sulfur mustard). Nerve agent (tabun) was first used on February 29, 1984 in the battles for the Majnun Islands. In total, 140 tons of tabun and about 600 tons of sarin / cyclosarin were used against Iranian troops during the war. Around 5.5 thousand servicemen died directly from the nerve agents. For one dead from tabun, there were at least 7 poisoned people who needed qualified toxicological assistance; lethal outcomes among servicemen affected by the herd amounted to at least 15%. Military personnel without protective equipment, who received large doses of nerve agents, lost consciousness within 30 seconds and died in positions within a few minutes. The most sensitive to such agents were women, children and the elderly, who accidentally fell under a chemical attack. The use of nerve agents by the enemy was accompanied by panic in the troops and the arrival of a huge number of military personnel in critical condition at medical stations. Sweating, fasciculations and miosis were the first clinical signs by which those affected by such toxic agents were recognized. The effectiveness of antidote therapy (atropine + oxime + diazepam) depended on the time of medical care. The most effective was the use of atropine by titration (fractional intravenous drip) to achieve ease of breathing, absence of bronchospasm, disappearance of secretions from the respiratory tract and heart rate >80 beats/min. The oximes turned out to be not effective in the treatment of those poisoned by tabun. The most effective was degassing by physical removal of toxic chemical. Degassing of the affected had to be carried out by washing with sea or river water, using solutions of chlorine-containing household chemicals, and sprinkling with dry earth.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.