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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nbsprot</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник войск РХБ защиты</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of NBC Protection Corps</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5728</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-2791</issn><publisher><publisher-name>27 Научный центр</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35825/2587-5728-2018-2-1-48-69</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">yoiiep</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nbsprot-184</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АРХИВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORICAL ARCHIVE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Первые попытки запрещения химического оружия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>First Attempts to Ban Chemical Weapons</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шило</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shilo</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шило Наталья Игоревна. Младший научный сотрудник, научный редактор </p><p>105005, г. Москва, Бригадирский переулок, д. 13</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shilo Natalya Igorevna. Junior Researcher, Scientific Editor </p><p>Brigadirskii Lane 13, Moscow 105005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">27nc@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «27 Научный центр» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Establishment «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>69</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шило Н.И., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шило Н.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shilo N.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/184">https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/184</self-uri><abstract><p>Попытки запрещения использования отравляющих веществ (ОВ) в качестве средства ведения войны предпринимались со второй половины ХIХ в., когда закладывался фундамент современных норм международного права. В начале ХХ в. на международном уровне было принято несколько правовых документов – деклараций, протоколов и конвенций, запрещавших использование на войне ядов, отравленного оружия, ядовитых и удушливых газов и средств их применения. Но все эти документы, включая Гаагские конвенции 1899 и 1907 гг., а также Женевский протокол 1925 г., оказались неработоспособными в качестве инструмента сдерживания. Они не смогли предотвратить ни массированного использования химического оружия в Первую мировую войну, ни его дальнейшего совершенствования, развития и применения. Эти документы не носили всеобъемлющего и безусловного характера. Они никак не решали проблему технологий двойного назначения и не снимали озабоченности стран, обладавших химическим оружием, относительно собственной безопасности. Не предлагалось механизмов мониторинга, верификации и контроля. Не было выработано эффективных способов пресечения уже зафиксированных нарушений и не обеспечена неотвратимость наказания. Вместо того, чтобы способствовать запрещению химического оружия, эти документы объективно содействовали его легализации и дальнейшей гонке вооружений. Только наличие мощных химических арсеналов у стран – основных участников Второй мировой войны, предотвратило возвращение ОВ на поле боя в гораздо более масштабном варианте. В настоящей работе рассмотрены первые попытки запрещения химического оружия путем международных соглашений. Показаны обстоятельства их разработки и обсуждения во взаимосвязи с другими проблемами в области безопасности, а также их дальнейшего принятия или срыва. Представлены позиции сторон на переговорах по запрещению химического оружия и их изменения во времени. Предметом отдельного рассмотрения стал вопрос об отношении к химическому оружию и об использовании его в качестве средства давления и пропаганды.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>First attempts to ban chemical weapons (CW) as a method of warfare have been made since the second half of the XIX century. At the beginning of the XX century, several legal documents – declarations, protocols and conventions, forbidding the use of poisons, poisonous weapons, poisonous and asphyxiating gases and means of their delivery, have been adopted at the international level. But all these documents, including the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and the 1925 Geneva Protocol, turned out to be useless and ineffective as a means of deterrence. They could prevent neither large-scale use of CW in World War I, nor their further development. Instead of the assistance to the prohibition of CW, in fact they assisted their legalization and further arms race. The article is dedicated to the history of first efforts to ban CW by international treaties. It describes in details the circumstances of the elaboration of these declarations, protocols and conventions in connection with other general security problems, their further adoption or breakdown. Special attention is paid to the attitude towards CW at the beginning of the XX century and their use as a means of pressure and propaganda.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Гаагские конвенции 1899 и 1907 гг.</kwd><kwd>Женевский протокол 1925 г.</kwd><kwd>законы и обычаи войны</kwd><kwd>конвенция</kwd><kwd>международное право</kwd><kwd>отравляющие вещества (ОВ)</kwd><kwd>Первая мировая война</kwd><kwd>уничтожение</kwd><kwd>химическое оружие</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Hague Conventions 1899 and 1907</kwd><kwd>Geneva Protocol 1925</kwd><kwd>laws and customs of war</kwd><kwd>convention</kwd><kwd>international law</kwd><kwd>poisonous agents</kwd><kwd>toxic chemical</kwd><kwd>First World War</kwd><kwd>destruction</kwd><kwd>chemical weapons</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Автор выражает свою глубочайшую признательность Михаилу Васильевичу Супотницкому, главному специалисту ФГБУ «27 Научный центр» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации за чрезвычайно полезные советы и ценные замечания, высказанные в ходе обсуждения настоящей статьи.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The author offers her sincere thanks and deep gratitude to Mikhail Vasilievich Supotnitskiy, the Chief Specialist and Senior Researcher of the Federal State Budgetary Establishment «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation for his astute counsel and invaluable advice during the preparation of this article.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson N.H., Larsen J.C., Meek E. 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