<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nbsprot</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник войск РХБ защиты</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of NBC Protection Corps</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5728</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-2791</issn><publisher><publisher-name>27 Научный центр</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35825/2587-5728-2017-1-3-51-78</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">yoqcdj</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nbsprot-162</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АРХИВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORICAL ARCHIVE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние химического оружия на тактику и оперативное искусство Первой мировой войны (исторический очерк), часть 3</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Influence of Chemical Weapons on Tactics and Operational Art in World War 1 (Essays in the History of Chemical Weapons), Part 3</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Супотницкий</surname><given-names>М. В. </given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Supotnitskiy</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Супотницкий Михаил Васильевич. Главный специалист, канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. </p><p>105005, г. Москва, Бригадирский переулок, д. 13</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Supotnitskiy Mikhail Vasilievich. Senior Researcher. Chief Specialist. Candidate of Biological Sciences </p><p>Brigadirskii Lane 13, Moscow 105005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">27nc@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>С.  В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петров Станислав Вениаминович. Главный научный сотрудник, д-р техн. наук </p><p>105005, г. Москва, Бригадирский переулок, д. 13</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leading Researcher. Doctor of Technical Sciences </p><p>Brigadirskii Lane 13, Moscow 105005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковтун</surname><given-names>В.  А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovtun</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ковтун Виктор Александрович. Начальник центра, канд. хим. наук, доцент </p><p>105005, г. Москва, Бригадирский переулок, д. 13</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Centre. Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor </p><p>Brigadirskii Lane 13, Moscow 105005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «27 Научный центр» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Establishment «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>51</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Супотницкий М.В., Петров С.В., Ковтун В.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Супотницкий М.В., Петров С.В., Ковтун В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Supotnitskiy M.V., Petrov S.V., Kovtun V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/162">https://www.nbsprot.ru/jour/article/view/162</self-uri><abstract><p>Газобаллонная атака германской армией позиций французских и британских войск под Ипром 22 апреля 1915 г. послужила толчком к появлению на фронтах Первой мировой войны нового оружия — химического (ХО). Насыщение войск химическими боеприпасами наступательного и оборонительного назначения и средствами доставки таких боеприпасов к цели (полевая и тяжелая артиллерия, минометы и газометы) оказало влияние на военное искусство Первой мировой войны. В 1915–1916 гг., в позиционный период войны, применение ХО для преодоления первой линии обороны противника привело к рассредоточению и переносу боевых порядков в глубину полосы обороны. В 1917 г. ХО позволило преодолеть противоречие между продолжительной артиллерийской подготовкой и внезапностью наступления. Новый вид вооруженной борьбы — артиллерийское химическое сражение, успешно использован немцами для разгрома войск Антанты в ходе весеннего наступления 1918 г. Рост промышленного производства отравляющих веществ (ОВ) и развитие в странах Антанты средств применения и доставки к цели химических боеприпасов предполагают, что в случае неподписания 11 ноября 1918 г. Германией перемирия, применение ХО в боевых действиях возросло бы многократно в количественном и качественном отношении. Развитие бомбардировочной авиации и неспособность Германии к ответному химическому удару, ставшая очевидной в конце 1918 г., открыли союзникам большие возможности в 1919 г. по применению ХО на оперативную и стратегическую глубину германской обороны без правовых и гуманитарных ограничений. В работе приведены примеры эволюции ОВ и ХО, а также боевых задач, которые воюющие стороны с помощью ХО решали в ходе отдельных сражений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The introduction of poison gases by the Germans at Ypres in April 1915 marked a new era in modern warfare. The cylinder attack of the German Army against the French and the British positions at Ypres on April 22, 1915, became the first large-scale appearance of the new kind of weapons, chemical weapons, on the battlefields of World War 1. The widespread use of chemical munitions of different types, numerous toxic agents and their delivery systems (field and heavy artillery, mortars and Livens projectors) by all the belligerents influenced military tactics and operational art at World War 1. In 1915-1916, during the period of trench warfare, the use of chemical weapons for breaking through the enemy`s first defence lines changed the structure of combat orders and led to their dispersal and the deployment in depth of the defensive zone. In 1917 chemical weapons made it possible to overcome the contradiction between the lengthy preliminary artillery bombardment and the surprise of the offensive. The unprecedented artillery chemical bombardments fired by the German Army, artillery chemical battle, resulted in the significant success of the Germans in spring offensives in 1918, when large parts of the front were given up by the retiring Allied forces. The dynamics of the growth of the chemical warfare agents` (CWA) production, the development of means and methods for delivering the agents efficiently to the target by the Allied countries allowed the authors to suggest that in case Germany had not signed the armistice of 11 November 1918 with the Allies, the large-scale battlefield use of chemical weapons could multiply both in quality and in quantity. The development of the bombardment aviation and the inability of Germany to carry out a retaliatory chemical attack, that became obvious at the end of 1918, offered a golden opportunity for the Allies to use chemical agents in 1919 without any legal or humanitarian limitation on the methods of warfare. This article is concerned also with tactical and operational objectives and targets the belligerents tried to achieve by using chemical weapons during separate battles, the evolution of chemical weapons and chemical warfare agents and their joint impact on military operations at the battlefields of World War 1.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>артиллерийское химическое сражение</kwd><kwd>бромацетон</kwd><kwd>винсеннит</kwd><kwd>вязкие рецептуры</kwd><kwd>газобаллонная атака</kwd><kwd>дифенилхлорарсин</kwd><kwd>дифосген</kwd><kwd>желтый крест</kwd><kwd>зеленый крест</kwd><kwd>иприт</kwd><kwd>наночастицы</kwd><kwd>синий крест</kwd><kwd>стрельба разноцветным крестом</kwd><kwd>фосген</kwd><kwd>химическое оружие</kwd><kwd>хлор</kwd><kwd>хлорпикрин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artillery chemical battle</kwd><kwd>bromoacetone</kwd><kwd>vincennite</kwd><kwd>viscous formulations</kwd><kwd>cylinder attack&#13;
(wave attack</kwd><kwd>cloud gas attack)</kwd><kwd>diphenylchlorarsine</kwd><kwd>diphosgene</kwd><kwd>Yellow Cross shell</kwd><kwd>Green Cross&#13;
shell</kwd><kwd>mustard gas (yperite)</kwd><kwd>nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>Blue Cross shell</kwd><kwd>multi-colored shooting (colour shoots</kwd><kwd>«Buntschiessen»)</kwd><kwd>phosgene</kwd><kwd>chemical weapon</kwd><kwd>chlorine</kwd><kwd>chlorpicrin («vomiting gas»)</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы выражают свою признательность Юрию Ивановичу Борисову, бывшему начальнику Музея войск РХБ защиты при ФГБУ «27 Научный центр» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации (Москва), сумевшему сохранить уникальные источники 1920–1940-гг., без которых написание этой статьи было бы невозможным.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors would like to express their gratitude to Yuri Ivanovich Borisov, the former Director of the Museum of the History of NBC Defence Troops of the Federal State Budgetary Establishment «27 Scientific Centre» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation (Moscow), who managed to preserve the unique documents of 1920–1940-ies. Without these sources the accomplishment of this article would be impossible.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Де-Лазари А.Н. Химическое оружие на фронтах Мировой войны 1914–1918 гг.: Краткий исторический очерк / Под науч. ред. Супотницкого М.В. М., 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De-Lazari A.N. Chemical weapons on the fronts of the World War 1914-1918: A brief historical essay / Sci. Ed Supotnitskiy M.V. Moscow, 2008 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лиддел Гарт Б. Правда о Первой мировой войне. М., 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liddell Hart B.H. The real war (1914–1918). Moscow, 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Красильников М.В., Петров Г.В. История химической службы и войск химической защиты советской армии. М., 1958.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasilnikov M.V., Petrov G.V. History of chemical service and chemical troops of the Soviet Army. Moscow, 1958 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ганслиан Р., Бергендорф Ф. Химическое нападение и оборона. М., 1925.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ganslian R., Bergendorf F. Gas attack and defense. Moscow, 1925 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare / Ed. Sidell F.R., Tafuqi E.T., Franz D.R. Washington, 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare / Ed. Sidell F.R., Tafuqi E.T., Franz D.R. Washington, 1997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antonijevic B., Stojiljkovic M.P. Unequal efficacy of pyridinium oximes in acute organophosphate poisoning // Clin. Med. Research. 2007. V. 5, № 1. P. 71–82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antonijevic B., Stojiljkovic M.P. Unequal efficacy of pyridinium oximes in acute organophosphate poisoning // Clin. Med. Research. 2007. V. 5, № 1. P. 71–82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Широкорад А.Б. Тевтонский меч и русская броня. М., 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shirokorad A.B. Teutonic sword and Russian armor. Moscow, 2003 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нахимов П.С. Документы и материалы. М., 1954.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakhimov P.S. Documents and materials. Moscow, 1954 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Павлович М.П. Химическая война и химическая промышленность. М., 1925.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlovich M.P. Chemical warfare and chemical industry. Moscow, 1925 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рассел У.Х. Британская экспедиция в Крым. М., 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russell W.H. The British expedition to the Crimea. Moscow, 2014 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сыромятников А.А. Тактика химической борьбы. М., 1925.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Syromyatnikov A.A. Tactics of chemical warfare. Moscow, 1925 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Собрание важнейших трактатов и конвенций, заключенных Россией с иностранными державами (1774–1906). / Введ. и прим. Андриенко В.Н. Варшава, 1906.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collection of the most important treaties and conventions concluded by Russia with foreign powers (1774-1906). Introduction and note V.N. Andrienko. Warsaw, 1906 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ключников Ю.В., Сабанин А. Международная политика новейшего времени в договорах, нотах и декларациях. Ч. II. От империалистической войны до снятия блокады с Советской России. М., 1926.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klyuchnikov Ju.V., Sabanin A.А. International politics of modern times in treaties, notes and declarations. Part II. From the imperialist war to the lifting of the blockade from Soviet Russia. Moscow, 1926 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вест Э. Первая мировая война. М., 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiest A. The illustrated history of World War I. Moscow, 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simon J., Hook R. Word war I gas warfare tactics and equipment. Oxford: Osprey Publ., 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simon J., Hook R. Word War I gas warfare tactics and equipment. Oxford: Osprey Publ., 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ниллас Р. Генералы Великой войны. Западный фронт 1914–1918. М., 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neillads R. The Great War generals on the Western Front 1914-1918. Moscow, 2005 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайончковский А.М. Первая мировая война. М., 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zayonchkovskiy A.M. The great war. Moscow, 2014 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лиддел Гарт Б. История первой мировой войны. М., 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liddell Hart B.H. History of the World War (1914–1918). Moscow, 2014 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рдултовский В.И. Исторический очерк развития трубок и взрывателей от начала их применения до конца мировой войны 1914–1918 гг. М., 1940.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rdultovskiy V.I. A historical sketch of the development of pipes and fuses from the beginning of their application until the end of the World War (1914-1918). Moscow, 1940 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вольпе А. Фронтальный удар. Эволюция форм оперативного маневра в позиционный период Мировой войны. М., 1931.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volpe A. Frontal attack. Evolution of forms of operational maneuver in the positional period of the World War. Moscow, 1931 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Людендорф Э. Мои воспоминания о войне. М., 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ludendorff E. My memories of the war. Moscow, 2007 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Майер Ю. Отравляющие вещества и их боевое применение. Часть II. М., 1928.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mayer Yu. Сhemical agents and their combat use. Part II. Moscow, 1928. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оськин М.В. Первая мировая война. М., 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oskin M.V. World War I. Moscow, 2010 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фишман Я.М. Военно-химическое дело. Пособие для начальствующего состава. М., 1929.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fishman Ya.M. Military chemical arts. A manual for the commanding staff. Moscow, 1929 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Террейн Дж. Великая война. Первая мировая – предпосылки и развитие. М., 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terrain J. The Great War. World War I – the preconditions and development. Moscow, 2004 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шацило В.К. Последняя война Царской России. М., 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shatsilo V.K. The last war of Tsarist Russia. Moscow, 2010 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлев В.Я. История крепостей. М., 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev V.Ya. History of fortresses. Moscow, 2000 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хмельков С.А. Борьба за Осовец. М., 1939.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khmelkov S.A. The struggle for Osovets. Moscow, 1939 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вейцер Ю.И., Лучинский Г.П. Маскирующие дымы. Л., 1947.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veytser Yu.I., Luchinskiy G.P. Masking smokes. Leningrad, 1947 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fries A.A., West C.J. Chemical warfare. N.Y., 1921.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fries A.A., West C.J. Chemical warfare. N.Y., 1921.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фигуровский Н.А. Очерк развития русского противогаза во время империалистической войны 1914–1918 гг. М., Л., 1942.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Figurovskiy N.A. Essay on the development of the Russian gas mask during the imperialist war of 1914-1918. Moscow, Leningrad, 1942 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Франке Э. Химия отравляющих веществ. Т. 1. М., 1973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franke S. Lehrbuch der Militarchemie. Band I. Berlin, 1967 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ипатьев А.Н. Жизнь одного химика. Воспоминания. Т. 1. Нью-Йорк, 1940.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ipatiev A.N. The life of a chemist. Memories. V. 1. N.Y., 1940 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Муре Ш. Химия и война. М., 1925.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mure Sh. Chemistry and war. Moscow, 1925 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Красильников М.В. Военно-химическое дело русской армии в Первой мировой войне (образование и развитие). Часть II. Кампания 1916 г.: Дис.… д-ра воен. наук. М., 1952.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasilnikov M.V. Military chemical affair of the Russian army in the First World War (education and development). Part II. Campaign of 1916: Dissertation of the doctor of military sciences. Moscow, 1952 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Базаревский А.Х. Наступательная операция 9-й русской армии в июне 1916 г. М., 1937.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazarevskiy A.H. Offensive operation of the 9th Russian Army in June 1916. Moscow, 1937 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клембовский В.Н. Стратегический очерк войны 1914–1918 гг. Часть V. М., 1920.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klembovskiy V.N. Strategic outline of the war of 1914-1918. Part V. Moscow, 1920 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wictor Th. Flamethrower troops of World War I: the Central and Allied Powers. N.Y., 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wictor Th. Flamethrower troops of World War I: The central and allied powers. N.Y., 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никольский С.Н., Никольский М.Н. Бомбардировщики «Илья Муромец» в бою. Воздушные линкоры Российской империи. М., 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolskiy S.N., Nikolskiy M.N. Bombers «Ilya Muromets» in battle. Air battleships of the Russian Empire. Moscow, 2008 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Игнатьев А.А. Пятьдесят лет в строю. М., 1986.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ignatev A.A. Fifty years in military service. Moscow, 1986 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черчилль У. Мировой кризис. Часть II. М., 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Churchill W. The world crisis. Part II, III. Moscow, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Павлов А.Ю. «Русская одиссея» эпохи Первой мировой войны. Русские экспедиционные силы во Франции и на Балканах. М., 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlov A.Yu. «Russian Odyssey» of the First World War. Russian expeditionary forces in France and the Balkans. Moscow, 2011 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Notes on German shells (second edition). – General Staff (Intelligence), General Headquartens, Ist May, 1918. London, 1918.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Notes on German shells (second ed.). – General Staff (Intelligence), General Headquartens, Ist May, 1918. London, 1918.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Notes on German fuzes and typical French and Belgian fuzes (second edition). General Staff (Intelligence), General Headquartens, January, 1918. London, 1918.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Notes on German fuzes and typical French and Belgian fuzes (second ed.). General Staff (Intelligence), General Headquartens, January, 1918. London, 1918.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fries A. A., West C.J. Chemical warfare. N.Y., 1921.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fries A.A., West C.J. Chemical warfare. N.Y., 1921.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watson A.P., Griffin G.D. Toxicity of vesicant agents scheduled for destruction by the chemical stockpile disposal program // Environmental Health Perspectives. 1992. V. 98. P. 259–280.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watson A.P., Griffin G.D. Toxicity of vesicant agents scheduled for destruction by the chemical stockpile disposal program // Environmental Health Perspectives. 1992. V. 98. P. 259–280.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федоров Л.А. Химическое вооружение – война с собственным народом. Трагический российский опыт. М., 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedorov L.A. Chemical weapons – a war with their own people. The tragic Russian experience. Moscow, 2009 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мировая война в цифрах. М., Л., 1934.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The World War in figures. Moscow, Leningrad, 1934 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайончковский А.М. Стратегический очерк войны 1914–1918 гг. Часть VII. Кампания 1917 года. М., 1923.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zayonchkovskiy A.M. Strategic outline of the war of 1914-1918. Part VII. The campaign of 1917. Moscow, 1923 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Керсновский А.А. История Русской армии. М., 1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kersnovskiy A.A. History of the Russian Army. Moscow, 1993 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гурко В.И. Война и революция в России. Мемуары командующего Западным фронтом. М., 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurko V.I. War and revolution in Russia. Memoirs of the Commander of the Western Front. Moscow, 2007 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Головин Н.Н. Россия в Первой мировой войне. М., 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovin N.N. Russia in the First World War. Moscow, 2014 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Брухмюллер Г. Артиллерия при наступлении в позиционной войне. М., 1933.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruchmüller G. Artillery in the offensive in the positional war. Moscow, 1933 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дюпюи Р., Дюпюи Т. Всемирная история войн. М., 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dupuy R.E., Dupuy T.N. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Histories. Moscow, 1998 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иссерсон Г. Эволюция оперативного искусства (2-е доп. изд.). М., 1937.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isserson G. Evolution of operational art (2nd ed.). Moscow, 1937 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гофман М. Война упущенных возможностей. СПб., 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gofman M. War of missed opportunities. St. Petersburg, 2016 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стоун Н. Первая мировая война. Краткая история. М., 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stone N. World War One: a short history. Moscow, 2009 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лефебюр В. Загадка Рейна. Химическая стратегия в мирное время и во время войны. М., 1923.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lefebyur V. The mystery of the Rhine. Chemical strategy in peacetime and during the war. Moscow, 1923 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Селезнев Г.К. Крах заговора. М., 1963.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seleznev G.K. The collapse of the conspiracy. Moscow, 1963 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шварте М. Артиллерийское вооружение, артиллерийские боеприпасы. М., 1933.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shvarte M. Artillery armament, artillery ammunition. Moscow, 1933 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Modellhafte Altlastenuntersuchung an ausgewählten Standorten der Munitionszerlegung und vernichtung nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg / Preuß J. et al. HGN Hydrogeologie GmbH, Nordhausen, Berlin. 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Modellhafte Altlastenuntersuchung an ausgewählten Standorten der Munitionszerlegung und vernichtung nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg / Preuß J. et al. HGN Hydrogeologie GmbH, Nordhausen, Berlin. 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клей К. Король, кайзер, царь. Три монарших кузена, которые привели мир к войне. М., 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clay C. King, Kaiser, Tsar. Three royal cousins who led the world to war. Moscow, 2009 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Варфоломеев Н.Е. Ударная армия. М., 1933.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varfolomeev N.E. Attack army. Moscow, 1933 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Базаревский А.Х. Мировая война 1814– 1918 гг. Кампания 1918 года во Франции и Бельгии. Т. 1, 2. М., Л., 1927.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazarevskiy A.Kh. The World War of 1814- 1918. Campaign of 1918 in France and Belgium. Vol. 1, 2. Moscow, Leningrad, 1927 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Old chemical weapons: munitions specification report. U.S. Army chemical materiel destruction agency, 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Old chemical weapons: munitions specification report. U.S. Army chemical materiel destruction agency, 1994.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гесс А. Термические и химические повреждения глаз, связанные с войной // Медицинские наблюдения над пораженными боевыми отравляющими веществами по данным германской армии за время войны 1914–1918 гг. Вып. II. Киев, 1931. С. 5–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gess A. Thermic and chemical eye damage associated with war // Medical observations of affected chemical warfare agents according to the German army during the war of 1914-1918. Issue. II. Kiev, 1931. P. 5–65 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Антонов Н.С. Химическое оружие на рубеже двух столетий. М., 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antonov N.S. Chemical weapons at the turn of two centuries. Moscow, 1994 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones E. Terror weapons: the British experience of gas and its treatment in the First World War // War in History. 2014. V. 21, № 3. P. 355–375.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones E. Terror weapons: The British experience of gas and its treatment in the First World War // War in History. 2014. V. 21, № 3. P. 355–375.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стоун О., Кузник П. Нерассказанная история США. М., 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stone O., Kuznick P. The untold history of the United States. Moscow, 2014 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фишман Я.М. Химическое оружие. М., 1924.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fishman Ya.M. Chemical weapon. Moscow, 1924 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соборовский Л.З., Якубович А.Я. Синтезы отравляющих веществ. М., 1936.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soborovskiy L.Z., Yakubovich A.Ya. Synthesis of toxic agents. Moscow, 1936 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hewett C.L. Isomers of 2-chlorovinyldihlorarsine // J. Chem. Soc. 1948. P. 1203–1205.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hewett C.L. Isomers of 2-chlorovinyldihlorarsine // J. of Chem. Society. 1948. P. 1203–1205</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рохмистров В.Г. Авиация великой войны. М., 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rokhmistrov V.G. Aviation of the Great War. Moscow, 2004 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жигур Я.М. Химическое оружие в современной войне. М., 1936.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhigur Ya.M. Chemical weapons in modern warfare. Moscow, 1936 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
